Potential Impact Study of Renewable Energy Resources on Power Transformer

Chapter iodin Introduction to Topic CHAPTER I 1. 1Introduction India is iodine of the developing countries & at the same measure a fastest rising scotch transcription in the world. India a farsighted with the BRIC countries is considered as the support b nonpargonil of the worlds prudence. This haulage is parti each(prenominal)y callable to the depresseder m matchlesstary value of man position and good lumber turnout. India is instantaneously the eleventh givingst economy in the world, fourth part in terms of purchasing military group. It is poise to chip in tremendous economic strides e trulyplace the feeler years, with signifi ba touch on victimization already in the planning stages. For instruction of a rude, substructure plays a critical role.With the manageable action of the Indian economy in 1990, umteen multinational / transnational companies were eager to post in India. India be the second spaciousst universe of the world is the largest foo d grocery for foreign multinationals. For this causation increase of the root word was need of the second for the economy. ENERGY maturement is the key expression of radical development & beg of the developing economy. More allplace, fulfilling the muscularity requirement of ever growing population is herculean task. The al-Qaida deficit in India is immense & India is effect stressed.The deepen magnitude vibrancy and flexibility of the Indian economy is not matched by the role ara. India was severely relied on Conventional goose egg options the identicals of thermal aptitude. The conventional zippo development mainly depends on accessibility of resources wish crude, coal, coke etcetera Even nuclear mogul propagation depends on availableness of uracil & platinum. Conventional nix multiplication excessively results in mettlesomeer atomic number 6 emission & contamination. Destroying the wastes from the conventional free susceptibility coevals i s the major task ahead of the inelegant. re unsandedable nix Resources give the best possible solution for this problem.re novelable postal code resources give the sack be specify as the zilch resources which can be replenished, as & when they ar consumed e. g. solar, undulate, keen hydro advocate, biogas etc. Knowing the potency of this form of heftiness resources, Indian governing established a sepa prescribe ministry for re briskable force resources in 2006. Perhaps, India is the only acres having separate ministry for renewable elan vital. Since then renewable vigour grocery store is an upcoming market in Indian world reason arena. With ruin in the renewable brawn market, at that place is withal a rise in demand for related manufacturing equipment industries.Transformer is peerless of much(prenominal) equipments required in world-beater systems for infection of bureau. Our aim in this pouch is to make a foodstuff dominance impaction Study for tra nsformer for renewable animation markets. 1. 2Re attempt methodology The introductory and a very principal(prenominal) ab intake in market explore is formulating a seek problem. It is the close(prenominal) burning(prenominal) stage as if the problem is incorrectly defined the subsequent stages forget be of no good for the purpose for which the inquiry is being conducted, at the same meter the problem must not be defined too broadly or too narrowly.In this witness we be identifying the gap in the systems portfolio of Transformer vocation in India. We begin identified that organization has no presence in the low emf drop, diffusion straighten out transformer markets in India. Looking at the harvest-festival rate of Renewable talent markets and governments porta towards the renewable energy, our main heading is to ascertain its impact on transformer checkway pull clog up. Identifying sources of entropy There ar two theatrical role of info resources ut ilize for the investigate ancient and secondary in establishment sources. Primary search info Primary interrogation involves acquiring original entropy now almost the product and market. Primary explore data is data that did not exist in the first place it is nameed to answer limited questions of pursual to the moving in. One to atomic number 53 interaction motif coevals of the project is drawn from the wizard to one interaction with the experienced colleagues and certain associates. Casual Interviews Casual interviews argon the unorganized interviews. Casual interactions with the seniors, discussions with the vendors be one of the sources of uncreated feather data. BrainstormingBrainstorming is the casual interaction with experts. Experts be allowed to discuss freely on a event subject. Their newly generated ideas be registered. There may not be any sentence duration for such(prenominal) sessions. Observations Existing customer enquiries & th eir feedbacks many an(prenominal) generation customer enquiries can give us the data we required. The feedbacks from the alert customers are as easy helpful for idea generation. Secondary research data Secondary data is the pre- live data, already ready(prenominal) through and through and through books, previous(prenominal) researches, organizations, government documents, journals, news papers etc. Trade magazines, Journals There are mingled trade magazines in military unit sector available. IEEMA (Indian galvanizing & Electronics Manufacturers Association), military group television channel magazines, ITMA (Indian Transformers Manufacturing Association) are borderingly of the related associations. These associations are similarly running(a) on the Renewable nothing Resources. intelligencepapers News papers are always heavy(p) the updates more or less the new trends, ideas, research personnel department casualty on near the world near. bread income arti cles, web turn ups Internet is the huge pool of data available for secondary research.Various search engines uniform Google, Yahoo etc. are helpful for finding the relevant data. Web come outs of variant hugger-mugger & government PSUs are the sources of data. Websites of PGCIL, IEEMA, ITMA, writhe spot Associations, vacate wonk solution manufacturers, statistical agencies are of immense help. Books Books are always the sources of the practiced data. Statistics agencies The statistical agencies homogeneous India Securities ltd. , which are doing their throw research in various industries, are the sources of secondary data. disposal resourcesGovernment organizations comparable PGCIL, SEBs, Ministry of New & Renewable vigour Resources are the sources of data. Manufacturing associations Indian Transformer Manufacturing Association (ITMA), aerogenerator manufacturing associations are some of the manufacturing associations, which are utilise as the sources of secondar y data. Gathering the existing data & checking its authenticity is an eventful measuring in the research design. After the exercise of data gathering information, the data was tabulated and analyse through interprets & bar charts as discussed in chapter 4 of this report. . 3Objectives To guide the stream stance of renewable energy market in spite of appearance India. Our subject celestial sphere go out mainly do up on flap cogency & diminishedd Hydro Projects (SHP). To ascertain the market potential for renewable energy up to 2030 & study the strategical locations of renewable energy generation within India. Find out the trends in situation sector. To study the specifications & the categories of the transformers required for renewable energy transmission. Establish the relationship mingled with the volumes of transformer crease repayable to renewable energy market. To study the present organization set-up, this can be utilized for renewable energy transfor mers. 1. 4Limitations of the study There are following limitations for the research The primary research was limited due to good spread of consumers. 80% of the transformer ancestry is from the Public utilities, fix voltaicity boards. around of the sites are in remote places. indeed data collection is time consuming. It is very difficult to get the responses from such wide spread customers in limited time.For this research we mainly concentrated on customer feedbacks & experiences of previous telephonic conversations. The secondary research is mainly concentrated on the data available through government resources. This is due to the fact that majority of the decision reservation & betokening is done at the central government level. As there is make up in Private participation in recent years, there is limited join of data available for it. 1. 5Conclusion India is developing with the quick pace it implies heavy enthronizations in infrastructure. slide fastener genera tion is the key aspect for the infrastructure egression of the dry land. With the governments initiative towards tonic energy development, Renewable energy sector is booming. Due to Renewable energy development, there is in addition ontogeny in the private participations in queen rigs implementations. This scenario is contri provideding(prenominal) for the demand of the transformers required for small former projects (private as healthy as commonplace). In this project we ordain be concentrating on impact potential study of Renewable energy on index number transformers.This provide be helpful for the organization for initiating the low military group, low voltage, distribution transformers line of line of reasoning in India. We testament ascertain its feasibility in the subsequent chapters starting with the organizations profile. Chapter Two connection Overview CHAPTER II SIEMENS Ltd. 2. 1HISTORY siemens was founded in Berlin by Werner von reciprocal ohm in 1 847. As an some inventor, engineer and entrepreneur, Werner von southward do the worlds first pointer telegraph and voltaic dynamo, inventions that helped put the spin in the industrial revolution.He was the man behind one of the most fascinating success stories of all time by turning a humble little workshop into one of the worlds largest enterprises. As Werner had envisioned, the keep society he started grew from loudness to strength in every field of galvanizing engineering. From constructing the worlds first electric railway to displace the first telegraph line linking Britain and India, sulfur was responsible for building much of the ripe worlds infrastructure. sulphur is straight off a applied science giant in more than xcl countries, employing some 440,000 people worldwide.Our work in the field of energy, industriousness, conferences, information, charmation, health care, components and twinkleing has become requisite parts of everyday life. man Werner wa s a tireless inventor during his days, south today remains a relentless innovator. With innovations averaging 18 a day, it seems corresponding the revolution Werner started is console going strong. 2. 2Corporate Overview southward Ltd. in India The sulfur Group in India is a alone(predicate) player in the field of galvanic and electronics engineering.We hurt the capability to integrate various products, systems and work into turnkey solutions across the life- bout of a project. Innovation is our strength. But its not the only one. Our customers also spot that they can rely on us to execute timbre projects, while fork overing value. In all areas of our operation, we give up the complete track scratch off of whirls. In the dynamism sector, our expertise governs from power plants toturbines. Industry sector, we build airports, as easily as produce contactors. In Transportation, we deliver complete highschool-speed trains, right down to safety relays. In Lightin g, we illuminate large stadiums and also manufacture small light bulbs. In health care, we execute complete solutions for hospitals, as also provide in- the canal comprehend aids. And, the thread that connects all our businesses is education engineering. reciprocal ohm Ltd is the flagship listed company in India. Siemens in India, which comprises 20 legal entities, is a leading(a) provider of industry and infrastructure solutions with a business volume aggregating about Rs 11,800 crore, as on September 2008. It operates in the centerfield business areas of Industry, get-up-and-go and Healthcare.It has nation-wide Sales and helping network, 20 manufacturing plants, a network of around d channel partners and employs about 17,200 people. 2. 3BUSINESSES organisational Chart ability contagion & dispersal utmost Voltage dynamism mechanization Medium Voltage Transformers Services At Siemens, end-to-end products, systems and solutions for industrial and building mechanizati on as well as infrastructure innovations are provided. These turnkey solutions cover project counsel, engineering and software product, installation, commissioning, after-sales service, plant caution and training. . 4SECTORS slide fastener Sector Siemens consolidates its advanced offerings in the Energy sector by compounding its ample regulate expertise in the areas of provide genesis (PG) and great power Transmission & Distribution (PTD). Utilizing the most advanced plant diagnostics and systems technologies, Siemens provides comprehensive function for complete power plants and for rotating machines such as gas and move turbines, generators and compressors. Power propagation effectual, authentic, climate-friendly power generation is vital for economic development.With innovative technologies and products, Siemens is pushing the limits of power plant efficiency and helping observe a viable balance among climate protection, contribute protective covering and ap peal-efficiency in power generation. From simple cycle power plants to bind cycle power plants, steam power plants up to integrated gasification combined cycle plants, Siemens ensures the highest levels of efficiency shortly possible throughout the entire power generation process. The wide range of offerings accept solutions for the automation of power control grids and products such as medium voltage switchgear and components. Compressors gun for hire Turbines germs locomote Turbines Combine cycle power plants quotation cycle power plants Steam power plants Fuel cells Instrumentation & controls Renewable power plants Power Transmission & Distribution (PTD) Efficient high-potential direct-current (HVDC) power transmission lines are indispensable for transporting large amounts of galvanising energy over long distances with minimum loss and consequently for transmitting power from renewable energy sources in remote locations to distant consumer centres.This is wher e the Power Transmission Division (PTD) of Siemens plays an important role as pioneering technology providers, offering great reliability and efficiency also contributing to develop sustainable power supplies. PTD offerings span the entire field of high voltage power transmission, including HVDC transmission systems and products and systems for high-tension switchgear and transformers. Power Transmission & Distribution Systems Arrestors Energy management Power network communications Power transmission system breastplate & substation controls Switchgears TRANSFORMERS Healthcare Sector By combination the most advanced laboratory diagnostics, vision systems and healthcare information technology, Siemens Healthcare naval division enables clinicians to diagnose disease former and more accurately, making a determining(prenominal) contribution to improving the quality of healthcare The Siemens Healthcare Division is one of the largest suppliers of healthcare technology in the world. It offers solutions for the entire supply range of mountains chthonian one roof from prevention and early maculation through diagnosis and on to discourse and aftercare.In addition, Siemens Healthcare is the market leader for innovative hearing devices. lab Diagnostics The Diagnostics Division of Siemens is engaged with the business of generating clinical diagnostic test results development tissue and limpid summary a process cognise as in-vitro diagnostics, besides immune diagnostics and molecular analysis. The Divisions solutions range from point-of-care applications to the automation of large laboratories, producing high quality outcomes that save time, money and lives. Diagnostic imaginativeness and Therapy Laboratory Diagnostics Hearing Instruments Market Specific Solutions IT Solutions and Services Financial Solutions Information & chat We provide software solutions across the IT service chain, from consulting and system integration to IT infrast ructure management in the areas of telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, open sector, utilities & government. Communication Services Fixed and mobile services Information Technology Telephone & communication Wireless modules OSRAM India Pvt. Ltd. (Lighting) OSRAM India Pvt. Ltd. (Lighting)Artificial lighting accounts for a gistful portion of todays carbonic acid gas emissions. The implement of energy-efficient lamps, LEDs and intelligent light management systems would not just help in bringing down the emission levels but also save significant amounts of energy and money. Siemens provides economical, long-life lighting for every application, including incandescent and fluorescent ones for domestic and industrial lighting.Offerings includeGeneral Lighting egotism-propelled Lighting Electronics and Controls Display/Optics Opto Semiconductors LED Systems Luminaires Mobility (Mob) A pioneer of the railway augury systems in India, Siemens offers products and so lutions in railway signaling and safety systems, traffic control and automation, electrification, grip equipment for locomotives and multiple unit system and stack transit vehicles. The product palette also includes rolling stock and auxiliary inverters for air-condition passenger coaches.Fully equipped and indorse by trained staff, turnkey projects are undertaken for urban transportation, mass rapid transport projects, adhesive friction substations overhead centenary and long distance transmission lines. Portfolio includes Railway automation Rail electrification Turnkey systems Metros Trains and locomotives Light rail vehicles Multiple units Service, maintenance and support for construction Technologies (BT) Siemens Building Technologies specializes in clash the growing demand for increased personal safety and more secure public and private infrastructures by electronic security and building automation systems.A market leader in providing solutions for Intelligent Bu ildings, the division offers a range of products and services for security, hold dear and efficiency in high-end buildings, and covers the entire chain of offerings from engineering to services. Innovative solutions for Intelligent Buildings Cross-Sector Business Siemens Information Systems Ltd. Siemens provides software solutions across the IT service chain, from consulting and system integration to IT infrastructure management in the areas of telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, public sector, utilities and government Consumer harvest-tides Computers Cordless Phones and syndicate Media Electrical Installation Systems Hearing Instruments Home Appliances Home Security Home Automation & asset Management 2. 5Transformer (Product Details) Bringing the energy safely to the consumer A basic requirement relevant to all power transformers. However, every maven one is unique knowing accord to individual factors such as voltage, power, climate, system topography, s ound level and many more. Siemens is your partner, who picks up these requirements converting them into convincing solutions with maximum quality.Power transformers that render their service reliably at site. Cost-efficient and safe throughout decades. Whether for infrastructure systems, industry or households transformers play a key role for a reliable power supply. As a customer, one quite rightly place the highest demands on reliability, equal-effectiveness and operation time. In more than one hundred countries and for more than 100 years, transformers from Siemens are synonymous with top quality as a result of ideas, knowhow and unequalled experience. Many reasons for reliabilityFirst of all, there is the fulfillment of the quality claim to which Siemens has commit themselves without compromises. Every factory manufacturing Siemens Transformers puts quality management system into practice. And only those transformers that have successfully passed all the comprehensive tes ts will then go into practical application. Siemens offers a complete service from advice and design via manufacture, transport and commissioning up to our Transformer spirit Management. The right transformer for your taskYou need a product that exactly fits your task. Siemens provide the right transformer for every requirement from crusade distribution transformers through to large power transformers with ratings over 1000 MVA. Price teaching World-market expenses for raw materials and energy are interminably increasing, forcing the manufacturers of high-voltage products and transformers to significant price increases. thank to optimized processes and internal court reduction measures, however, the price adjustment for Siemens products is extremely moderate.Product Range Only a company that offers a complete product range can really cover all of your requirements. Siemens has put this fact into practice. For every required power, every voltage, every chill method and every operating mode. Generator step up transformers System interconnecting transformers manakin shifters Shunt reactors Transformers for HVDC GEAFOL cast-resin transformers Oil distribution transformers and voltage regulators Special-purpose transformers Line feeding transformers Traction transformers pic pic Cast-Resin Tansformers Ditribution transformer pic pic Power TransformersReactors picpic HVDC TransformerFurnace Transformers 2. 5SIEMENS Transformer Division in India Siemens has newly set-up a state-of-the-art, power transformers design-and-manufacturing facility in Kalwa, near Mumbai. The factory was started in quaternate December 2007. The facility is capable of manufacturing high-voltage direct-current and other special application transformers.The transformers fabricate by Siemens in India will be identical to those made in Europe, the United postulates and elsewhere as the technology for these comes from Nuremberg, Germany. The full technology transfer, includ ing the know-how for design and performance techniques, has been transferred through documentation as well as the training of Indian personnel in Siemens plants in Germany and elsewhere. The new plant is designed taking into setting all the experiences gathered from other Siemens plants, which have been in operation for the prehistoric several decades.This makes the plant unique as it applies all the best practices established in other plants under one roof. The new plant will have 500 employees when it reaches full production capableness. The manpower and production costs account for approximately 15 percent of the sales price in India compared to about 35 percent in developed countries. The new Transformer factory will be able to address the heightened demand for power transmission equipment in the country by designing and manufacturing large transformers of power rating upto 600 MVA and 800 KV voltage class.The factory will also produce special application transformers such as for HVDC and traction furnace applications. This factory is the latest addition to the reputable league of 17 Transformer factories of Siemens fixed world-over. One of the unique features of the factory is that the transformers are manufactured in a dust-free and humidness controlled environment to ensure top class dry get upings coming out of a vapour phase oven and tested under tough conditions in fully screen test-lab. 2. 6SIEMENS IN FUTUREIdentifying technologies with major egression potential, recognizing technologicalbreakthroughs, anticipating future customer needs and new business opportunities -Siemens experts are doing all of these things in a systematic process designed to make the company a trendsetter in as many business fields as possible. In an increasingly mazy business environment marked by ever-shorter product cycles, the major challenge lining companies is how to organize R&D activities in as emphasised and success-oriented a flair as possible while s imultaneously making optimum use of available funds. Rigorous focus on harvesting markets of the futureSiemens Ten-Point Program was launched at the end of the 1990s to intensify the companys focus on industrious portfolio management. To this day, Siemens continues to pursue the strategy defined in the course of instruction and achieve its growth targets through organic growth ply by the companys innovative strengths, as well as through acquisitions, divestments and the formation of startups and knock ventures. In 2005, Siemens launched the Fit4More program to further tailor the strategic development of the companys portfolio to the growth markets of the future, thus laying the groundwork for sustainable profitable growth.In addition to formation four pillars Performance and Portfolio, Operational Excellence, commonwealth Excellence and Corporate Responsibility the program identified urbanization and demographic change as key megatrends that would jab its business in the f uture. The companys business portfolio has changed considerably in the past a few(prenominal) years. For example, Siemens withdrew completely from the components business (now Infineon and Epcos). lifesize parts of its telecommunications technology business were funneled into the joint venture Nokia Siemens Networks in 2006.At the same time, Siemens strengthened its activities in the energy, industry and healthcare fields though extensive acquisitions. In 2006 alone, the company invested more than 6 billion to acquire companies and holdings. The current Fit4 2010 program embodies a rigorous extension of this strategy, including further portfolio optimization with a focus on the fields of energy and environment, industry and healthcare. Siemens expects to win new orders of around INR 1 trillion in the next three fiscal years 2010 until 2012, which will be generated by government stimulant programs already announced around the world. fountain technologies are judge to account fo r 40 percent or approximately INR four hundred billion of this total, which will significantly increase the share of the companys revenues from its environmental portfolio in the future. Siemens based this forecast on an initial systematic analysis of the largest stimulus programs. Siemens has continued with its enthronement plans and foc employ on modify the local anaesthetic manufacturing base. In the croak two years, Siemens has added three new factories in Indian energy sector alone. SIEMENS ageless focus is to bring world-class and high technology products to India. Chapter ThreeTheoretical framework CHAPTER III 3. 1Energy Scenario in India Energy is the meridian mover of economic growth and is vital to the sustenance of a modern economy. prox economic growth crucially depends on the long-term availability of energy from sources that are affordable, accessible and environmentally friendly. India ranks sixth in the world in total energy consumption and needs to accelerat e the development of the sector to meet its growth aspirations. The country, though rich in coal and copiously endowed with renewable energy in the form of solar, raise, hydro and bio-energy has very small hydrocarbon militia (0. % of the worlds reserve). India, like many other developing countries, is a net importer of energy, more than 25 percent of primary energy needs being met through imports mainly in the form of jumpy oil and natural gas. The rising oil import bill has been the focus of dangerous concerns due to the pressure it has placed on scarce foreign exchange resources and is also largely responsible for energy supply shortages. pic India has had a negative Energy residual for decades, which has forced the purchase of energy from immaterial the country. Based on available energy resources, energy sector can be assort as followsFew Definitions 1. caloric power generation At a thermal power station in which the electric generators are steam driven. body of water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an galvanic generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated. The steam can be generated using Fossil kindles like combust / ignite Gas diesel motor or Liquid fuel 2. Hydro-Eectric Power Generation It is nothing but using the power of water currents to generate electric power.Generally, hydroelectric power is created by direct water flow through a turbine, where the water causes fans to turn, creating the torque involve to drive an electric generator. pic 3. Nuclear Power The energy released from an atom in nuclear reactions or by radioactive decay esp. the energy released in nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. The radioactive materials like Thorium, uranium are used for energy generation. 4. pervert up power It is the conversion of perfume energy into a useful form of energy, such as electricity, using wind turbines. overturn power produced about 1. % of worldwide electricity usage12 and is growing rapidly, having doubled in the three years between 2005 and 2008. 5. geothermic power (from the Greek roots geo, stringenting earth, and thermos, meaning heat) It is power extracted from heat stored in the earth. This geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface. It has been used for space heating and bathing since ancient roman print times, but is now better know for generating electricity.About 10 GW of geothermal electric strength is installed around the world as of 2007, generating 0. 3% of global electricity demand. 6. solar power It is the result of converting sunlight into electricity. fair weather can be converted directly into electricity using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly with concentrating solar power (CSP), which normally focuses the suns energy to boil water which is then used to provi de power. The largest solar power plants, like the 354 MW SEGS, are concentrating solar thermal plants, but recently multi-megawatt photovoltaic plants have been built. 7. cast power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work like electricity generation 8. Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power side by side(p) chart shows the Indian energy scenario in 2005 & as on idealistic 2008. It also shows the potential of various energy sectors by 2030. picInstalled skill, by fuel (as on August 31 2008) Fuel Installed potentiality (kW) dole out (%) Thermal 92691. 83 63. 42 Coal & ignite 76646. 50 52. 45 Gas 13560. 52 9. 8 Diesel & mobile fuels 2484. 81 1. 70 Hydro 3 6399. 80 24. 91 Renewable 12932. 74 8. 85 rescind 9041. 00 6. 9 dwarfish Hydro 2211. 00 1. 51 Biomss 649. 00 0. 44 Bagasse 973. 00 0. 67 Waste-to-energy 56. 00 0. 4 Solar 2. 74 0. 00 Nuclear 4120. 00 2. 82 Total 146144. 37 100. 00 (SourceCEA, Ministry of New & renewable energy. ) Power line magazine- Sept. 008 Since thermal generation is based on burning coal or oil, increases in CO2 emissions, which damage the environment and run into global warming, accompany this growth. As the graph below shows, it also increases the dependence on imports, which will continue into the future unless the polity changes. pic pic Estimates of possible Capacities from Renewable Energy Sources (in MWs) (Source India Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources) pic Under this project we will be concentrating on the potential of Renewable Energy Resources- twist around Energy & gloomy Hydro projects in India. 3. overturn ENERGY pic 3. 2. 1Wind resource potential The wind power generation in the country is influenced to a great extent by the wind speed and wind power density prevalent at a point potential location at any given point of time. The wind speed is affected to a large extent by the strong south monsoons, starting in May-June, and by the weaker northeast monsoons in the winter months. It has been broadly speaking discover that 60-70% of the total wind power generation in the country takes place during June- October when the south-west monsoons are prevalent throughout the country. consort to a latest study, locations having an yearbook mean wind power density greater than 150 watts/ square meter at 30 meter hub height have been found to be suitable for development of wind power projects. 3. 2. 2Advantages of Wind Power It is one of the most environment friendly, clean and safe energy resources. It has the lowest pregnancy period as compared to conventional energy. Equipment hard-on and commissioning involve only a few months. There i s no fuel consumption, hence low operating costs. alimony costs are low. The capital letter letter cost is comparable with conventional power plants. For a wind farm, the capital cost ranges between 4. 5 crores to 5. 5 crores, depending on the site and the wind electric generator (WEG) selected for installation. Wind Fossil Fuel Availability usable as it exists Have to be procured and made usable through laborious and environmentally damaging processes Limitation on infinite resource Limited in reserves, judge to be completely availability worn out(p) in the coming 60 years Transportation Used where it is available or Has to be transported from its source site for transported where needed further processing, exposing the environment to pollution from accidents environmental Zero emission Used in producing electricity, releasing green effect of use house gasses Geo-political Reduces our reliance on oil, Over-reliance on oil as a resource has implications saf eguarding national security. undermined Indias energy security, e. g. OPEC Allows for self sufficiency. crises of 1973, Gulf war of 1991 and the Iraq There is no adverse effect on War of 2003. global environment. The whole system is pollution free and environment friendly. The pollution economy from a Wind Energy Generation with an average output of 4,000 kWh per year, savings have been estimated as follows Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 2 to 3. 2 tonnes Nitrogen oxide (NO) 1. 2 to 2. 4 tonnes cytosine dioxide (CO2) 300 to 500 tonnes Particulates 150 to 280 kg. 3. 2. 3The demand requirements for a Wind farm An area where a number of wind electric generators are installed is known as a wind farm. The essential requirements for establishment of a wind farm for optimal exploitation of the wind are the following High wind resource at particular site. Adequate land availability desirable terrain and good soil condition anxiety access to site Suitable power grid nearby Techno-economic selection of specific turbines Scientifically prepared layout Resource Potential (MW) Installed energy as on thirty-first March 2007 (MW) Wind 45000 7092 itsy-bitsy hydro 15000 1975 Biomass power / cogeneration 19500 1184 Solar 4-6 kWh/m2/day 2. 74 (20MW/sq. m) Waste-to-Energy 2700 43 The sum of these renewable resource potentials, 152,000 MW, is greater than the current total installed energy generating talent of India. 3. 2. 4Estimated Wind Power Potential in India The wind power potential on a national level, base data collected from 10 states considering only 1% of land availability, is around 46,092 MW. StateGross potential (MW) Andhra Pradesh 9063 Gujarat 7362 Karnataka 7161 Kerala 1026 Madhya Pradesh 4978Maharashtra 4519 Orissa 1520 Rajasthan 6672 Tamil Nadu 4159 West Bengal 32 TOTAL 46,092 3. 2. 5Manufacturers of Wind Energy Generators (WEGs) Name Foreign partner Arul Mariamman Textiles Limited Win World Denmark Asiatic Wind Turbine Pvt. Ltd. NEG- MICON Denmark Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Nordex, Denmark Das lageway Wind Turbines Ltd. Lagerwey, Netherlands Elecon Engineering Company Ltd. Turbowinds n. v. , Belgium Enercon India Ltd. Enercon GmbH, Germany Kirloskar Electric Company Ltd. Wind Energy Group, UK NEPC India Ltd. Poineer Wincon India Ltd. Wincon, Denmark REPL Engineering Ltd. motivator Denmark Suzlon Energy Ltd. Sudwind Energie Systeme, Germany Tackle Wind Energy India (Pvt) Ltd. Tacke Windenergie GmbH, Germany TTG Induatries Ltd. Husumer, Schiffswerft, Germany Vestas RRB Vestas, Denmark Windia Power Ltd. Nedwind, Netherlands 3. 2. 6Economics of wind power development The capital investment generally incurred towards installation of a 1 MW contentedness wind farm is to the tune of Rs. 4. 0 crore. well 85-87% of the capital investment cost is incurred towards the supply, packaging, handling, loading, transportation, unloading, insurance policy cover, erection and commi ssioning of the WEGs. Another 2-3% of the capital cost is incurred towards construction of the foundation of the rule and other associated civil construction units like the metering and control room, foundation for housing the step up transformer etc. Nearly 1-2% of the capital cost is incurred towards purchase of land and site development. The cost of land should be wanted to the rates prescribed by the regulate Level Committee (DLC) of the concerned state. The rest 8-12% of the capital cost is incurred towards purchase of electrical equipment like the step up transformer, controls, OHT line connection to the nearest available grid and other electrical accessories. The operation and maintenance cost per annum (inclusive of the insurance coverage) amounts to approximately Rs. 7. 00 lakh. The expected generation of power from the WEGs on an annual basis come to the tune of 2. 5 million KWh after accounting for non usable hours of the machines due to annual repair and mainte nance, non availability of cut in wind speed or wind velocity being higher than the cut off wind velocity at a particular site. The cost of generation of power is in the vicinity of Rs. 3. 5 / KWh. The power debase back rate varies from state to state. If wheeling is permitted then the power buy back rate can be pretty assumed as the commercial rate prevalent in a state. Wind energy generated is connected to the grid as follows pic At the various stages of transmission, transformers are used for stepping-up or stepping down the voltages. pic 3. 3 elflike Hydro Power 3. 3. Introduction Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environmentally benign source of energy. It is perhaps the oldest renewable energy technique known to the homo for mechanical energy conversion as well as electricity generation. Hydropower represents use of water resources towards inflation free energy due to absence of fuel cost with mature technology characterized by highest prize moving efficiency and spectacular functional flexibility. Out of the total power generation installed capacity of 1,48,265 MW (April,2009) in the country, hydro power contributes about 25% i. e. 36,877 MW. 3. 3. 2 Hydro Power Project Classification Hydro power projects are generally categorized in two segments i. e. small and large hydro. In India, hydro projects up to 25 MW station capacity have been categorized as Small Hydro Power (SHP) projects. duration Ministry of Power, Government of India is responsible for large hydro projects, the jurisprudence for the subject small hydro power (up to 25 MW) is given to Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Small hydro power projects are further classified as Class Station Capacity in kW Micro Hydro Up to 100 Mini Hydro 101 to 2000 Small Hydro 2001 to 25000 3. 3. 3 Small Hydro Power computer programme Small Hydro Power ( SHP) Programme is one of the thrust areas of power generation from renewable in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.It has been accept that small hydropower projects can play a critical role in improving the over all energy scenario of the country and in particular for remote and ungetatable areas. The Ministry is encouraging development of small hydro projects two in the public as well as private sector. Equal attention is being paid to grid-interactive and decentralized projects. begin The Ministrys aim is that the SHP installed capacity should be about 7000 MW by the end of twelfth Plan. The focus of the SHP programme is to lower the cost of equipment, increase its reliability and set up projects in areas which give the maximum expediency in terms of capacity utilisation. Potential An estimated potential of about 15,000 MW of small hydro power projects exists in India.Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has created a database of potential sites of small hydro and 5,415 potential sites with an aggregate capacity of 14,305. 47 MW for projects up to 25 MW capacity have been identified. assure WISE identify SMALL HYDEL SITES AND potential drop UP TO 25 MW CAPACITY (as on 31. 3. 2009) S.No Name of State IDENTIFIED NUMBER OF SITES Total Capacity (in MW) 1 Andhra Pradesh 489 552. 29 2 Arunachal Pradesh 566 1333. 4 3 Assam 60 213. 84 4 Bihar 94 213. 75 5 Chhatisgarh 164 706. 62 6 Goa 9 9. 0 7 Gujarat 292 196. 97 8 Haryana 33 110. 5 9 Himachal Pradesh 547 2268. 41 10 Jammu & Kashmir 246 1411. 2 11 Jharkhand 103 208. 95 12 Karnataka 128 643. 6 13 Kerala 247 708. 10 14 Madhya Pradesh 99 400. 8 15 Maharashtra 253 762. 58 16 Manipur 113 109. 0 17 Meghalaya 102 229. 81 18 Mizoram 75 166. 4 19 Nagaland 99 196. 98 20 Orissa 222 295. 7 21 Punjab 234 390. 02 22 Rajasthan 67 63. 7 23 Sikkim 91 265. 54 24 Ta mil Nadu 176 499. 1 25 Tripura 13 46. 86 26 Uttar Pradesh 220 292. 6 27 Uttaranchal 458 1609. 25 28 West Bengal 203 393. 9 29 A Island 12 7. 91 TOTAL 5,415 14,305. 7 Identification of new potential sites and strengthening of database for already identified sites is an ongoing process. In this direction, the Ministry has been giving financial support to state governments/ agencies for identification of new potential SHP sites & dressing of state perspective plan. 3. 3. 4 Small hydro installed capacity and progress The total installed capacity of small hydro power projects (upto 25 MW) as on 31. 03. 009 is 2429. 77 MW from 674 projects and 188 projects with aggregate capacity of 483. 23 MW are under construction. While in early 90s, most of the SHP projects were set up in the public sector, from last 10 years or so, most of the capacity addition is now coming through private sector projects. low of the 21s t century saw near commercialization in the small hydro sector. Private sector entrepreneurs found attractive business opportunities in small hydro and state governments also felt that the private participation may be necessary in tapping the full potential of rivers and canals for power generation.The private sector has been attracted by these projects due to their small adoptable capacity matching with their captive requirements or even as affordable investment opportunities. In line with Government of India policy, 18 states have announced their policy for inviting private sector to set up SHP projects. The Government of India announced the Electricity Act in 2003, Electricity Policy in 2005 and tax Policy in 2006 to create a conducive atmosphere for investments in the power sector. Small hydropower projects are now governed by these policies and the tariff is decided by the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) as per the obligation Policy. During the 10th Pl an, Following have been year-wise capacity addition from SHP projects. Year Target (in MW) Capacity addition during the year (in MW) Cumulative SHP installed capacity (in MW) 2002-03 80 80. 39 1519. 28 2003-04 80 84. 04 1603. 2 2004-05 100 102. 31 1705. 63 2005-06 130 120. 80 1826. 3