Languages in Cyberspace Essay

Governments have encourage industrial farming and non-organic meat production to improve the crop yield and revenues. However, studies have shown the side effects and health hazards of industrial farming and meat processing. A distinct cultivation of a health-conscious culture became apparent as time goes by which resulted to an increase in sales of organic vegetables and meat in the world. Hence, the sales and marketing of organic products is influenced by the culture or trend that exist in the market. Muslims are known for faithfully abiding with their religious beliefs and practices. When it comes in meat, Muslims only consume meat from slaughtered animals through the Halal way. Three times more blood is pumped out of Halal-slaughtered animals than those butchered in non-Halal way. Hence, lesser toxins are consumed by Muslims since most toxins are stored in the blood. With the introduction of organic aspect, an animal is not pumped with antibiotics and hormones or additives that would increase the toxicity its blood. Hence, Muslims are drawn to organic meat because of its inclination towards their religious belief in meat intake thereby creating an outward effect to the sales and marketing of organic meat. Language is a way of communication of thoughts, messages and feelings. In the global market, one barrier that must crossed by companies to reach out to their market is language. Without the right tools and strategies to cross this barrier, marketing a product will be difficult. A Firm must find a way to communicate and introduce a product in a language known by its market, otherwise, awareness and recognition of the product will not be achieved. This does not apply in the organic meat industry alone but to all industries and businesses. Marketing have evolved with technology through the years and e-commerce was introduced and adopted by most businesses. The worldwide web has a broader scope and the interaction with the customer is direct. In marketing organic meat products, e-commerce is the best way to reach out to its customers directly. It is also the cheapest way to market and promote a product. Longcloud should develop its website in languages other than English to cross the communication barrier that language created. If Longcloud develops a website with different languages, the scope of its accessibility and comprehension will be broader and more comprehensive. It will open the gates for the development of new markets in different countries. Moreover, with this strategic undertaking, the company will be globally competitive and accessible. The power of information technology can promote and increase the sales and distribution of organic meat worldwide. In choosing the languages to translate and include in the website, there are several aspects to consider and these are the opportunities, scope and target market definition. The company’s website must be available in Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), French and Spanish languages. Most Muslims speak Arabic and it was clearly identified that Muslims are one Longcloud’s target markets and about 150 million people speak this language. Chinese, specifically, Mandarin language should also be available to reach 1365 million people who have developed a fondness for organic meat products. Moreover, the growth of the organic meat industry in French-speaking countries like France, Canada, North Africa and Switzerland should also be considered. 23% of the current Internet users are from Europe which include some of these countries. Although only 2% can be accounted for the Spanish-speaking Internet users, a considerable target market was defined and identified in the Latin America. There several threats and disadvantages that must also be considered in making the website available in different languages like the uneven percentages of the target market with Internet access. However, with the growth of technology, many countries have relied in the use of Internet and it has become a household need. Moreover, although some people are accustomed to using English for conducting business, it must also be noted that, English literacy only accounts for about 50% share globally. Software complexities must also be considered, however, software upgrades and development are done continuously to address these problems.

How Sweet and Honorable It Is: A Euphemism of War? Essay

Dulce Et Decorum Est is a poem written by a young British Army soldier of the World War I turned poet Wilfred Edward Salter Owen. He was once commended as one of the most important figures in twentieth century and known as one of the best poets, he is also called as the Greatest War Poet in English Language as most of his literary pieces tackle stories of war and relevant topics. Owen wrote the said poem on 1917 during the First World War while he was on military service and tells accounts based primarily on his personal experience and points of view towards war. However, the poem has made available in public three years after Owen got killed in 1918, days before the ceasing of the same war that he condemned. It was published posthumously to honor the author. Analytically, the meaning of the poem Dulce Et Decorum Est has to be a euphemistic narration of war with the purpose of either to promote patriotic deeds of the soldiers or to condemn the act of war per se. Perhaps, the author wanted the reader to provide the right justification and/or connotation about the poem itself whether it has intentionally written to comfort the soldier as the old saying tells how noble it is to die for one’s own country, or sees the other way around, which is to point out something like it is really useless to end one’s life in a battle just like that. The title of the poem alone depicts ironic truth as the Latin phrase Dulce Et Decorum Est has the literal meaning â€Å"How Sweet and Fitting It Is†. Even if it is a commending statement, it could also signifies sarcasm as he questions how sweet and fitting would it really be to die for something. Originally, the phrase has to be written like this: Dulce Et Decorum Est: Pro Patria Mori, which has the accurate meaning â€Å"How Sweet and Honorable It Is to Die For Your Country! †, as the author excerpted this phrase from Quintus Horatius Flaccus’ third book among his four books of poem published on 23 B. C. , which entitled Odes or Carmina in Latin language. Owen’s narrative poem all began on the first line of the first stanza â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks† which gives us descriptions that in real battle, odd feeling and uncomfortable situation of the ones involved in the chaos especially the soldiers, who are half-standing and half-lying, truly happens. Being in a chaotic war is never easy, and that is what the author trying to tell us. The word â€Å"double† in it offers a feeling of both the physical tiredness and emotional numbness at the same time, which the person involved could not just simply be withdrawn from and got nowhere to run. As the first stanza offers physical and emotional torture being in a battle, the second stanza denotes psychological agony. â€Å"Gas! GAS! Quick boys! † With this narrative, the author wants the reader to feel the state of panic and the urgency that has inflicted once in the midst of a chaotic ambiance where everyone struggles to survive. This could be the reason behind the usage of capital letters and exclamation points on the first line of the second stanza. The third stanza, though it is the shortest stanza of the poem having only two short lines, illustrates clear and dramatic picture of the speaker’s encounter of a dying colleague in his dreams, or should we say nightmare, and how they both felt helpless in the traumatic situation. â€Å"In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. † Here, we can see that although the war is over, the tragic familiarity of the speaker still haunts him as a sign of trauma even when he’s asleep. Thus, the war creates pain and suffering to the soldiers not only during war but moreso, even when the war is long ended. On the last stanza, the speaker addresses â€Å"you† which denotes direct involvement to the reader. He wishes to personally make an appeal to the public, particularly to the next generation, that the heroic deed of patriotically dying for the sake of one’s country is nothing but purely euphemistic act of injustice and pointless death because such kind of death could be preventable. He concluded the poem by stating the irony of the title Dulce Et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori, which he emphasized as an â€Å"old lie†. Wilfred Owen got many strong points in this poem that whoever read the text might be involved. Weakness if there’s any, has not obviously seen which make Owen surpass the level of being an amateur poet. The poem was simply a silhouette of Owen’s stand against the ongoing war that his audience would surely agree. Historians and students find this work very significant for the study of History to deeply understand World War I and the people behind it. R E F E R E N C E S Owen, Wilfred. 1997. Dulce Et Decorum Est. Modern History Sourcebook: World War I Poetry. http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/mod/1914warpoets. html#owen21 (accessed October 1, 2008). Barnhill, Candace. 2005. Wilfred Owen’s Dulce Et Decorum Est. http://people. smu. edu/cbarnhil/ENGLISH/ENGL2327/engl2327. htm (accessed October 1, 2008). Osondu, Emmanuel. 2008. Biography: Wilfred Owen. Helium, Inc. http://www. helium. com/items/1167412-biography-wilfred-owen (accessed October 1, 2008).

Employability Skills Essay

Employability Skills for Team Manager Fresh Days Morrison’s. The role at Morrison’s of being team manager at fresh days will require the applicant to have certain qualities and skills. You will need to be a high performer in order to be successful in the Morrison’s job role. To be eligible for this team manager job you will need a certain list of employability skills to ensure that you are the right applicant for the job of team manager at fresh days Morrison’s. For the job at Fresh Days Morrison’s you will defiantly need to have good verbal communication as team manager because you will have the responsibility of your team members day in and day out and you will be overseeing projects which you would be in charge of so you will need to be able to communicate with colleagues to make sure everything will run smoothly and then you will need to report back to the director. You will need to be able to plan and organise well so you are able to plan out and then organise a project well and then carry it out effectively. Time management is an essential employability skill that will be required, you will need to be able to perform efficiently to the amount of time you have and manage it effectively within projects and daily work days. As a team manager you will need to be able to have exceptional leadership skills, being able to motivate your team and being someone that they come to for guidance is really important in this job. Flexibility is a good skill to have in this job as you will need to adapt to different situations, tasks and environments quickly as team leader so that you team members are able to come to you for help if they are unable to adapt quickly. Morrison’s are looking for these specific employability skills as they know that without these you will not be suitable for the job and will not succeed, then neither the applicant of Morrison’s will benefit from this. Personal Skills for Team Manager Fresh Days Morrison’s. You will need to be a natural born leader to be successful in the team manager fresh days job at Morrison’s, you can’t be shy or held back you have to be able to take charge of a situation straight away without any difficulty and you will have to be a good directing others by making sure all the tasks are complete. It is very important that you are confidant within yourself so that people in your team can respect and look up to you, without confidence you will not succeed in being a team manager and you would not be best suited for this job. We require that you’re an ambitious person so that we know the goals of the company that are set can be achieved without any problems and if we set harder goals you are motivated to reach these goals. Something that we think is essential in a team manager is motivation because if your team members see that you are motivated it will motivate them to perform well in their work. You will need to have a skill of reporting back to people as this job position requires you to report back to the director on a daily basis. Morrison’s are looking for a real leader to be their team manager at fresh days Morrison’s to help the business succeed. Communication Skills for Team Manager As a team leader you will need to be a very good listener, you will have to take on your team members problems within the tasks, their ideas and anything else they have to say, without this communication skill your team will not succeed in the tasks and daily requirements that are set. You will be the leader of your team and it is your job to hear everything everybody has to say even if you don’t necessarily want to. It is necessary that you are able to take feedback from your bosses with good intentions, you have to be able to take bad feedback and then learn from it and take good feedback and be proud of it. If you want to be a good team leader you will need to be assertive in this job so that everything that you know needs to be done will be done with no complications or without any colleagues saying that didn’t know what you were talking about, you need to be assertive so that tasks and projects are completed efficiently. You will defiantly need to be a good talker to get your colleagues attention and to be able to share everyone’s ideas and thoughts on the task set for that day so everyone in that team feels like and equal member of the team.

Mediation vs litigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mediation vs litigation - Essay Example lawyers to facilitate the presentation of their evidences and often, the lawyers may handle the case in very adversarial and aggressive tones (Tiersma, 1999). As a consequence, the litigation becomes disadvantageous to both parties and those who are weak and those who have no financial capacity to sustain the litigation process fell out of the balance or loss the case (Tiersma, 1999). The court processes is very legalistic in ways. Its communication system is often complex and misunderstood. Clients, often non-lawyers, do not understand the language of the law and lawyers on the other hand, lawyers cannot comprehend well the people’s language who are not fluent on the standard language of the legal system. Many of their documents are lengthy, overwritten, repetitious, and the legal language has its own peculiarity and effects in whatever context (Tiersma, 1999). There is explicit use of the laments of legalism in thoughts and in its logical structure in its documents. It will doubly complicate when lawyers start to argue using Latin maxims (Tiersma, 1999). Legal luminaries argued that the courtroom language has certain structural complexity which could either be syntactic complexity, inter-sentence complexity, phrasal complexity, and lexical complexity (Tiersma, 1999). Syntactic complexity adds to difficulty in comprehension. Although there was a recommend ed use of plain language but when the judge provide information and guidelines about the trial and evidences and about the utilization of the framework of the law (Tiersma, 1999). Since jurors are not equipped with legal knowledge, they weigh such responsibility of determining the verdict but must do so, using their considerable power, without endangering the fairness of the trial (Tiersma, 1999). There is therefore a problem in the language intended for lay jury and the language used by legal luminaries. Hence, the discourse is ruled by grammar constructions, conventions, legal vocabularies and language

Business Research Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Research - Case Study Example The second deliverable is data discussion where the outside researcher will work through the data with Joe. This is to provide the initial analysis of the research findings and also aims at instigating debate on the result and get input from Joe on areas where he feels that more analysis would uncover new insight. The final deliverable expected from the outside researcher is a short report that indicates the key findings of the research. The first stage involves defining the research purpose. This is usually developed as a result of recognizing and understanding a problem in a market (Zikmund, 2012). A problem comes as a result of realizing the gap between the expected and the reality, or a difference between objectives and results achieved. The purpose of a research is usually related to the analysis of the business problem, opportunities available, and other factors that can affect the business. In this case, the purpose of the research is to find out the best market to start a new coffee shop. The second stage is coming up with the research objective. This is looking at a specific statement about required information. This breaks down the research problem into a more specific and understandable manner. A research objective has three main parts that include the research question. Research question is the information needed according to the purpose. The final part of the research objective is coming up with the scope or limitations of the research. This makes sure that the research is well focused so that a meaningful and well targeted research is conducted. Some of the limitations expected by Joe can include time limitation. The third step involves estimating the value of the research information. This analyzes if the research is worth and evaluates the amount of money that can be spent in conducting the research. Information from this research involves the investment decision

Levels in Undergraduate Family Nursing Education Personal Statement

Levels in Undergraduate Family Nursing Education - Personal Statement Example The district nurse, my mentor started talking to them, and what I observed was worth noting. The visible anxiety gradually calmed down. This was an effective communication, and this was essential in this scenario to pacify them. When I went back home that night and when things started settling down, I thought I would go over the whole incident and find out what was special about this incident, and how this incident can help me in any future incident in the professional practice (Ghaye and Lillyman, 2000, 53-87). This was a set of home health care, and from the incident, it was clear that the incident had considerable acuity. I was a student nurse, and therefore, it was a learning experience for me. The major goal of nursing care in this situation, given Mr. Xs advanced cancer, is palliation and restoration of maximum health function. I was entirely inexperienced, so I decided to observe what my mentor did in this situation (Ghaye, 2005, 7-37).  While reflecting, I gradually came to understand, well-developed communication skills are therefore essential tools for nurses. It was a face-to-face situation, and perhaps there is no substitute for it. I witnessed how effective and appropriate communication helped to establish a therapeutic helping relationship and enabled my mentor to determine their care needs and how it promoted trust and confidence and facilitated care appropriate for this situation. They were anxious and angry.  

Media on the War in Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Media on the War in Iraq - Essay Example These dominant ways influence every nation, even if they are not involved in the war, â€Å"a degree of transnationalization of the media. Coverage could come from a broader range of locations, more quickly and be beamed back across the world† (Brown 2003, 4). The television only brought into focus the important ‘hotspot’ of Iraq. Without analyzing, who is wrong and who is right in the Iraq war and who is the victim and who is the threat, this paper will critically analyze how the two important Television channels from different backgrounds, CNN and Al-Jazeera covered and importantly ‘showed’ us the Iraq war. So, the aim of the paper is to find out find out by using Chomsky’s model, how predominant ways is not the perfect, ethical way to go about for CNN and Al-Jazeera. CNN (acronym for The Cable News Network) was founded by Ted Turner. CNN rose to fame in 1991 with the coverage of the First Iraq war. That is, when Iraq was bombed by America, CNN was the only news channel, which communicated from Iraq during the initial hours of the American bombing campaign. Its camera crew stationing in the al-Rashid Hotel in Baghdad gave covert, live, greenish night-vision shots of the Baghdad sky line with tracers and explosion lighting the night sky, at the same time killing the people. Even though CNN cannot be accused for these causalities, they can be accused of covering the war in a predominant way. Now, the same accusation was being leveled against CNN with the Iraq invasion and overthrowing of Saddam Hussein. CNN with its team of reporters, cameraman and crew got well entrenched in Iraq and gave a 24 hour coverage of the war. They especially used the concept of â€Å"Embedded† journalists, the term given to a news reporter, who is attached to a military unit, which is involved in an armed conflict. CNN involved a number of â€Å"Embedded† journalists. But there are criticisms

M2A1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M2A1 - Essay Example Dr. Samuelson, the founder and CEO of CardioFIb should accept investment from Greenhouse or not and Rudernman, the co-founder of Greenhouse should continue with this investment offer to CardioFib. These two key questions will be answered based on in depth analysis of the case study. Trends in venture capital Venture capital business is very much essential for today’s aspiring entrepreneurs for giving lives to their innovative ideas and insights. This business acts as catalyst for the any innovative innovations and risk associated entrepreneurship. It creates job opportunities, stimulates economic growth of a country or global economic growth and recovery. The venture capital industry has been undergoing in substantial transition. It is termed as rightsizing. The leading global players in this industry have been shrinking due to poor return on investment and decrease of potential new entrepreneurship to asking capital for venture. This industry enjoyed a substantial growth rate in pre dot com bubble era. The transition has been underway in quite slow motion due to frequent economic downturn in global economy. Still, the venture capital firms with wide market presence have been enjoying good return (Pearce & Haemming, 2012, p.1). Greenhouse relative to trends in venture capital Greenhouse was established at the time of global tech bubble. It missed out the pre era growth phase of this industry. The company business model is a single industry specific which is healthcare industry. Though the business operates with a narrow customer segment, but it had comparatively better opportunity and growth potentiality. The company achieved successful completion of $12 million fund raising within one and half year of establishment. Therefore, the fund raising potential of the company is very strong as it did it within an era economic slowdown in global economy due to tech bubble. Therefore, by comparing the business trend of the company with industry, it can be said th e company had developed a strong partner network to operate actively and to serve its target segment. Positioning of Greenhouse relative to venture capital industry The case describes the position of the company in early stage of 20th century and its first two years of its establishment. The company has very quickly developed potential partner network to raise fund to be ready to serve its target segment. It achieved more than its initial goal which developed considering the economic condition. But as a venture specialist for a specific and steady industry of healthcare instrument business, it was able to show quite attractive and noticeable business model to its investment network partners. The company developed its short goals by considering environmental factors to make a strong foothold in the venture capital industry. Greenhouse target "deals" relative to Greenhouse resources, relative competitive position and advantages The company has set target or business goals with a deter mination. It desired to less prediction of cash availability, accept funding after in depth scrutiny of Target Company with high consideration of crunch downs. The company also concentrated on fewer deals with comparatively stronger competition from premier deals. It can reduce the future risk of return on lower investment. It also expected few financing after initial funding to be ready next potential funding. Pros and cons for participating

Micheal jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Micheal jackson - Essay Example Some of his commonly known music videos include Beat It, Thriller, Scream, Black or White and Billie Jean which were considered to be advocating for racial integration in the American society (Fisher, 23). He emerged with a number of dance moves such as the robot and moonwalk to which people knew him best and became part of his thrilling performance whenever he was on stage. The curtain finally went down in his life in June 25, 2009 in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California, in the United States aged fifty when he died. The life as well as the music career of Michael Jackson is filled with numerous remarkable events and he made a great contribution to the music industry that has long lived beyond his death. He is therefore worth writing about owing to the fact that very few music artistic have achieved what Michael was able to achieve in his entire music career. Many people all over the world have something to remember about this popular pop artist who inspired them in life. He had a great influence on other genre of music such as hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B, pop, and rock by being the role model to the artists who performed such genres (Danesi,57). Despite the fact that pop culture has been witnessed in a number of departments and areas of life, music has registered the most remarkable application of this culture and it is mainly attributable to the King of Pop; Michael Jackson. His biography clearly demonstrated the formation as well as the establishment of this form of culture that has become a way of life in various parts of the world to date. In June 1975, the Jackson 5 made a historic signing with Epic Records which is a subsidiary of CBS Records. The move necessitated a change in their name from The Jackson 5 to The Jacksons. It was at that time that another Jackson known as Randy formally joined the band. The Jacksons continued to tour internationally, and released six more albums

Intimacy & Interiority Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intimacy & Interiority - Essay Example This blend is what makes the narrative unpredictable and full of suspense. Sometimes, these characters which are of paranormal and unknown existence tend to make themselves more real in the readers eyes, than fictional characters of novels from various other genres because of the attractive combination of paranormal beings in bizarre settings such as dungeons, eerie forests, labyrinths, crypts and catacombs, and even sinister ruins and evil omens that erupt mysterious events. In this paper we would be discussing two stories from Gothic Literature, and attempt to shed light on the nature and intimacy within the narrative. The first is a short story titled â€Å"The Damned Things† (1898) by Ambrose Bierce and the second being ‘The Willows’ (1907) by Algernon Blackwood. The paper attempts to investigate how and why the untamed Gothic relies on intimacy to suit its needs 2 The human mind accepts only what is sees and perceives as reality whereas in the story of Ã¢â‚¬Ë œThe Damned Thing’, a paranormal existence is brought to light. Human beings are trained to shut away what they cannot see and cannot hear as it being non-existent. However, this story drives the reader to that level of terror to believe that the character Morgan is being tormented by something dreadful that he cannot see or hear, but which does exist. The story starts out with the protagonist Hugh Morgan being dead lying on a table with eight people surrounding it, conducting an inquest into the matter of his death. William Harker is a fictional writer, who is the only witness to Morgan’s death. Thus he is called in to relay his account of what he saw that night while he was with Morgan in the place with the wild oats. Hugh Morgan had been a victim of torture at the hands of something that he knows exists and feels but cannot see. He is scared and even considers himself going mad as he is torn between what his mind and senses are feeling and what is considered reality . The line between his reality and the ones of the normal world blurs into oblivion and that is when he decides to get the help of William Harker. The Gothic seems to be of a silent nature when Morgan speaks about it in his journal. He experiences its closeness in many instances but is never harmed. Initially, the Gothic is a mere shadow passing far away from the realms of Morgan’s house but still close enough for his dog to sense it. The dog barks and goes in circles when the Gothic passes and finally hides in the bushes until it leaves. The way the journal entry 3 is written suggests that this was not the first time that they encountered the Gothic. The first example of intimacy between the Gothic and the protagonist seems to take place on the previous night of Morgan’s journal entry, on Sept.2. He writes about how he stared into the night sky and was admiring the stars ‘above the crest of the ridge east of the house’ (Bierce, 1898) when his vision of th em was blurred and almost blotted out by something that seemed to pass between him and the stars. He could feel it and experience it but could not see it. The next entry of the Gothic suggested that it was more tangible as the intimacy with the protagonist increased, making its presence felt by way of fresh ‘footprints.’ (Bierce, 1898) According to him, the more encounters he experienced, the more closer the Gothic drew towards the real Morgan. The next two entries in his journal suggest that he is tortured by the presence of the Gothic not

Suggest me a good topic Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Suggest me a good topic - Term Paper Example Subway Restaurant has been its major strength that has seen it occupy an appropriate competitive advantage in the food industry. The restaurant offers fast food services such as; turkey breast, roasted beef, steak, cold cut combo, cheese, subway melt et cetera. Moreover, the restaurant provides different types of beverages to its customers. Description of the Products and Services The products offered by the Wali subway restaurant are of good quality and standards. For instance; the mouth-watering turkey and roasted beef salad with raspberry vinaigrette from exclusively selected recipes of canola oil, diced red onions and avocado, cooked and chopped turkey breast, reduced fat feta cheese perfectly crushed, walnuts, and arugula. The mixture hysterically prepared and spray backed to give a great taste. For the raspberry vinaigrette the combined ingredients of balsamic vinegar, canola oil, lemon juice, Dijon mustard, raspberry jam, fresh ground black pepper and salt to taste placed into a medium-sized bowl the whisked thoroughly until the dressing is smooth enough and the jam is properly dissolved. The restaurant also serves Monterey jack Taquitos and backed shredded beef, a meal that is children friendly and very tasty. To make this meal the chef uses high quality ingredients of chill powder garlic powder, lime juice, adobe sauce with little chili pepper, chopped yellow and red bell pepper, cooked and shredded roast beef, boneless blade roast, and canola cooking spray. The menu offered by the Wali subway restaurant makes an effort to create a healthy diet by utilizing clean and up to standard products in a clean environment. The restaurant also takes into consideration a special group of its customers such as the vegetarians by offering old-fashioned food strictly for vegetarians. Variety of this special menu include kuja, matar, badem, and gobhi that are mostly served with mint chutney, tamarind chutney, paneer, mixed vegetable pickle, sauteed smash of sweet pum pkin, and fenugreek. The special drinks offered in this place include sweet lassi that is often served with kulhars. In order to reach out for the customers and for the convenience the customers, Wali restaurant offers an online menu and online services where customers can place orders and make inquiries in the day's specialty. The restaurant also offers room booking services online. Opportunities for the products Selection of products and services offered by the Wali restaurant involves an appropriate identification and mobilization of resources after undertaking economic and social facets analysis. For this reason, Wali restaurant management has to take part fully in the interaction with their potential customers in order to get acquainted with their social and economic conditions. Those customers, who participated, provided the human resource of Wali restaurant with important information and referrals on the products and services that could be offered by the restaurant. These inf ormation and ideas are then supplemented with details obtained from assessment of the area around Manassas, Virginia where the restaurant was located. Reintegration of the already existing restaurants and the products and services they offered was also done. With this information the Wali restaurant decided to offer a variety of products including turkey breast, roasted beef, steak, cold cut combo, cheese, subway melt et cetera since Virginia was multi-ethnic with diverse culture. The management also considered

Comparison Of Building Vulnerability Assessment Methods Engineering Essay

Comparison Of Building Vulnerability Assessment Methods Engineering Essay A review of vulnerability assessment methods for buildings is conducted out with a view to evaluate their appropriateness for use in seismic risk assessment. A ranking scheme has been developed to score each vulnerability assessment method. The ranking considers general description of vulnerability, building response factors, variance in output, applicability and ease of use, which are the major characteristics for vulnerability assessment tools used in seismic risk assessment. A case study in the older portion of Dhaka city, Bangladesh has been conducted to investigate the efficiency of some state-of-the- art vulnerability assessment methods. The hybrid vulnerability scale, which uses a FEMA 310 and IITK GSDMA approaches score high in the ranking, whilst the other scales based on the Rapid Visual Screening FEMA 154, Euro Code 8, New Zealand Guidelines, Modified Turkish Method and NRCC perform differently in various weighting scenarios. However, it is found that none but the hybrid ( which includes the local site specific issues as well as the results from non destructive testing and experimental data) method effectively suits all the criteria essential for their use in seismic risk assessment, especially emphasis on physical vulnerability factors, applicability and variances in output. Keywords vulnerability assessments, physical vulnerable parameters, seismic risk assessment 1. Introduction Seismic risk assessment is a vital tool to manage the growing risk in the face of the ever-increasing exposure in highly seismic regions. Due to the changes in the built environment and continuously evolving seismic sciences, it is essential to refine the risk assessment modeling continuously. In particular, vulnerability of buildings to ground shaking is recognized as a key element in any seismic risk model (Spence et al. 2008). Therefore, seismic vulnerability assessment is an essential tool for governments and individuals to mitigate the consequences of earthquakes. Existing vulnerability assessment methodologies vary with various postulations proposed for the characterization and prediction of earthquake hazard and the methodology used to evaluate building regarding the hazard (FEMA 1999; Bertogg et al. 2002). The development of a region-wide seismic vulnerability assessment framework, such as FEMA 310 for the US (FEMA 1999), requires a unique vulnerability assessment tool to acc ommodate all the above mentioned issues. Within this paper, a comparison and critical review of existing vulnerability assessment methodologies for buildings is conducted out, with a view to their utilization in a region-wide seismic risk assessment. A hybrid method consisting of FEMA 310 (FEMA 1999) and IITK GSDMA (Durgesh 2005) has been set up to evaluate vulnerability, combining an analysis of building typologies with expert judgment. Background information on the most significant vulnerability assessment methods are provided in the paper together with their advantages and disadvantages for use in seismic risk assessment. Moreover, the seismic vulnerability for contemporary and historical 93 buildings in old Dhaka City, Bangladesh has been assessed as a case study to show the spatially distributed qualitative risk within the area with the help of different vulnerability assessment tools. Finally, a scoring method is proposed to qualitatively represent the relative rankings of the selected vulnerability assessment tools t o find out a suitable uniform approach to be used for seismic risk assessment. 2. Selection of suitable building classification system Vulnerability can be defined as the susceptibility of buildings to damage in presence of seismic ground motion (Hill and Rossetto 2008). The evaluation of building vulnerability is a basic part of any risk assessment methodology. An accurate, transparent and conceptually sound algorithm for assessing the seismic vulnerability of the building stock is one of the main ingredients in a seismic risk model and indeed over the past 30 years many tools and methodologies have been proposed for this purpose. This study takes an overview on some of the most noteworthy contributions in the field of vulnerability assessment and the key advantages and disadvantages of these procedures have been identified in order to distinguish the main characteristics of an ideal methodology (Calvi et al. 2006). In vulnerability studies, it is essential to differentiate various building types, since, different types of buildings tend to respond in a different way under similar ground motions (Tesfamariam and Sa atcioglu 2008). Hence, the buildings should be classified according to their similar dynamic properties, before the conducting a vulnerability assessment of an urban area. The parameters that influence the dynamic response of a structure to ground motion are well recognized, for example, in Euro code 8 (BSSC 2003; CEN 2004), and embrace the structures geometrical and material properties. A building classification system that considers a high-degree of segregation in vulnerability studies and an enhanced estimate of the financial losses, has been expressed elsewhere (Carvalho et al. 2002). This study focuses on the dominant building types of the Indian region (Alam et el. 2010), which comprises mainly of reinforced concrete buildings and masonry buildings. 3. Existing seismic vulnerability assessment methodologies: an overview Table 1 in Appendix A briefly describes each vulnerability assessment tool selected and the rationale for their selection. It is obvious that the review is not extensive; however, the tools have been selected for the predominant building classes as well as to the contemporary practices in seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings. From the literature, it is evident that, there is a lack of unified vulnerability assessment technique, which covers the entire local as well as the global parameters. To cover the location-specific physical components present in both the developed and the developing countries, a hybrid method has been formulated for the vulnerability assessment of existing structures incorporating FEMA 310 (FEMA 1998, 2003, ASCE 1998) and IITK GSDMA (Durgesh 2005) methods. Other vulnerability assessment tools are chosen from a wide range of published and peer reviewed papers in seismology, structural vulnerability, and earthquake engineering fields. Since, most of the tools have been developed for some particular circumstances, such as vulnerability assessment in the field, for structural analysis etc. they may not contain some of the uniqueness specified in the scoring structure. However, they are included in this study, as either elements of these guidelines or tools have been used in past seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings or they illustrate a distinctive characteristic, which is essential in a tool for the seismic vulnerability assessment. 4. Investigation of the suitability of different vulnerability assessment tools: a case study A case study of 93 buildings of older portion of Dhaka city-the capital of Bangladesh (Alam et al. 2010) has been selected to evaluate the suitability of various vulnerability assessment tools for seismic risk assessment. The predominant structural types, specially associated with medium to high seismicity, present in South Asian countries have been presented in the building classification system. After considering building inventories of different countries of South Asian region, it was found that South Asian building inventory is primarily composed of reinforced concrete buildings and masonry buildings. The study includes Bangladesh (CDMP 2009), Nepal (AUDMP 2007), and India (Durgesh 2005) for classifying major building classes for the area. There exist some other types, such as adobe (mud house), tin-shed housing, timber and steel structures etc, which contribute a very small proportion of the existing inventory with moderate to high seismicity. The premier resolutions of relevant building type sub-categories for the vulnerability assessment are the reinforced concrete frames with and without masonry infill as well as the unreinforced masonry buildings for the study area. The seismic vulnerability of buildings in the stock varies widely with different vulnerable factors (Hugo 2002). The principal vulnerability factors used in the categorization of buildings in the study area are structure type (the main lateral force resisting system of buildings), number of story, and code level (seismic design standard applied in the design of buildings). Moreover, architectural features which are the parameters for defining geometry of buildings such as story height, span length, presence of open first-storey etc. act as factors for the vulnerability assessment. Several structural features may be considered as the factor affecting vulnerability of buildings. These factors include soft story, heavy overhang, short column, pounding possibility between adjacent buildings, and visible ground settlement. During this study a number of vulnerable factors were identified that are comprehensively discussed here. According to Turkish method (Bommer et al. 2002, Tesfamariam a nd Saatcioglu 2010), the level of building damage during earthquakes depends on the apparent building quality which is, in turn, related to the quality of construction materials, workmanships and building maintenance. Well-trained observers can classify a buildings quality roughly as good, moderate, or poor. Many building collapses during seismic events may be ascribed to the absence of the bracing elements (e.g. available walls in the upper floors) in the ground floor, and hence develop a ground floor soft in the horizontal direction. The plastic deformations at the plastic hinge points of the columns can develop an undesirable sway mechanism with a large concentration of the plastic deformations at the column ends (Hugo 2002). Hence, the soft story buildings exhibit a less safe behavior than the similar regular structures during moderate and severe earthquake. Normally, this situation can be resulted from the building that locates along the side of the main street as the first sto ry is being used for a commercial space that has opening between the frame members for customer circulation. Figure 1 shows some of the examples of soft story (ground floors being used as shop) in Shakhari Bazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. In addition to soft stories, another vulnerable factor, termed as heavy overhanging floors in multistory buildings lead to irregularity in stiffness and mass distributions (Hugo 2002). From the earthquake engineering view point, these irregular plan shapes are undesirable as they cause inappropriate dynamic behaviors when subjected to horizontal earthquake ground motion. Typical heavy overhangs found in the old part of Dhaka City are shown in figure 2. Moreover, the shear failure of short columns is another major cause of building collapse during a seismic event (Hugo 2002). It is also termed as squat columns, i.e. columns having relatively high thickness compared to their height, and most of the cases are fixed in strong beams or slabs. By unintentional addition of parapet infill in frame structures, slender columns can also be converted into short columns. In case of short columns with significant bending capacity, enormous moment gradient can develop a large shear force under horizontal actions of a seismic event, which generally leads to a shear failure before the plastic moment capacity is being reached (Hugo 2002). It was observed after the August 17th, 1999 earthquake in Turkey (Mw=7.4) that a large number of buildings were damaged due to the presence of short columns (Saatcioglu et al. 2001). Damage due to pounding can also be observed after almost every earthquake events. Different vibration periods and non-synchronized vibration amplitudes cause the close buildings to knock together. Buildings subjected to pounding receive heavier damage on higher stories (NZSEE 2000, 2003). Topographic amplification may also increase ground motion intensity on hilltops during earthquake; hence, this factor should be taken into account in the seismic risk assessment. In the last not the least, building shape and elevation are major factors affecting buildings during an earthquake. It was evident from the experience of different seismic events, that the buildings with irregular shape are more damaging than the buildings of regular shape (Hugo 2002). Similarly elevation of building is also another important factor responsible for structural/building damage during an earthquake. Narrow tall buildings are more vulnerable during an earthquake (Hugo 2002). Figure 3 shows vertical irregularity of an existing building in the study area. There exists a numerous numbers of vulnerability assessment techniques, that utilize various types of vulnerability factors. Table 2 summarizes different vulnerability factors, which are frequently, used in different seismic vulnerability assessment techniques utilized in the study. From this study, it can easily be identified that some of the seismic vulnerability assessment techniques are very robust, e.g. FEMA 310, FEMA 154 etc, whereas in case of some other methods, (e.g. Euro Code 8) some of the major vulnerability parameters are not clearly defined. The results from the assessment of 93 buildings in the study area are depicted in the figure 4. For risk evaluation, it is required to collect, analyze and properly match a huge quantity of data. Geographic information system (GIS) can effectively be utilized to manage and overlay the information levels and graphical output of the results (Codermatz 2003). Therefore, a geographical information system (GIS) database has been developed to represent the spatial distribution of the vulnerable buildings for different assessment techniques within the study area. Figure 5 shows the distribution of vulnerable buildings in GIS environment, resulted with the use of FEMA 154 method, which shows that most of the buildings fall under very high risk group. Whereas, the distribution of risk classes within the buildings are in a wide range in case of hybrid method, depicted in figure 6. The distribution of vulnerable buildings assessed by Euro Code 8 and NRCC are also presented in figure 7 and figur e 8 respectively, which show comparatively lower risk variances. 5. Vulnerability assessment methodology scoring system The general description of vulnerability assessment methods which include the input variables, are very useful for the people involved in the field directly, where as the information about physical measurable parameters are necessary for the detailed analysis of a structure and the decision makers utilize the description of output for generating an effective decision (Hill and Tizina 2008). A reliability or performance scoring system has been developed to rank the vulnerability assessment methodologies according to the criteria mentioned above. The proposed scoring system consisting of 3 main sections with 17 sub-categories is depicted in Table 2 of Appendix A. The score obtained in each of the 3 sections is given equal weighting in the computation of the total reliability score for vulnerability assessment. The system tries to reduce most of the subjectivity implicated in the ranking of different vulnerability assessment methods. Since, some subjectivity has been utilized to assign the categories, the resultant scores can be utilized only as a qualitative representation of performance or reliability. To provide a clear indication of each methodologys performance or reliability, an affirmative score is given as 3 points, a moderate score is given as 2, a negative score 0 point, whereas the method partially fulfills the requirement is given 1 point. Since, experimental value provides data based on real-life experiences, it is more preferred in the scoring system. Analytical and judgment-based values are considered as second and third best respectively. For the sub-categories, the scoring is based on the Table 3 of Appendix A. This scoring for reliability or performance has been applied to the vulnerability assessment methods applicable for mainly reinforced concrete buildings as well as unreinforced masonry building types. Category A of the scoring system in Table 2 deals with the basic input description of vulnerability assessment tools, i.e. ease of measurement (Saatcioglu, et al. 2001), range of buildings types covered (FEMA 2002, ASCE 2003, UNDRO 1980), site specific factors, including local and global aspects regard (ASCE 2003, ASCE 1988, NRCC 1993, Durgesh 2005) .This is important for the people working in the field measurement. In category B mostly physical measurable vulnerability factors have been considered, which is very useful for analyzing the structural behavior. It deals with the scope of vulnerable parameters (ASCE 2003), quantity of database (ATC 2004), applicability of tools as non-structural components of the structures (NRCC 1993). Finally category C of the proposed scoring system utilizes the involvement of the output factors, which encompasses the well defined vulnerability scales (FEMA 2002) (ASCE 2003), risk variances (ASCE 2003, Durgesh 2005), impact of non-structural components as well as the adoptability (NRCC 1993). This category mainly focuses on the preferences for the decision makers. For different specific needs, risk assessment specialists may prefer different weightings on the scoring categories. The categories are weighted according to four different scenarios (I-IV) as depicted in Table 4 of Appendix A. These weightings give a maximum score of 51 points in each case which are only for illustrative indication. An example of use of the proposed scoring method is given in Table 5 of Appendix A. The final ranking for the vulnerability assessment tools considered is shown in Table 6 of Appendix A. The individual scores are given in Table 7 of Appendix A 6. Discussion on vulnerability assessment method scoring This section discusses about the performance of different vulnerability assessment tools in different scoring categories in wider aspect for all the weighting scenarios proposed. At this point it is essential to re-state that the vulnerability assessment ranking reflects how appropriate the method is for use in seismic risk assessment. To rank the techniques, several weighting scenarios have been utilized with the calculated scores. For weighting scenario I, equal weighting for each category was adopted which provides an overall view of the vulnerability assessment methods performances. The authors believe that each of the identified features is equally important and it is suggested that proposed scoring system utilizes this weighting scenario. Hybrid method, NRCC (NRCC 1993) guidelines and FEMA 154 (FEMA 2002, ATC 1998) rank the top three positions for the weighting scenario I. The Hybrid method contains detailed descriptions for different classes of buildings and has a well defined methodology for calculating physical vulnerability factors. The ASCE 31 standard (FEMA 310) is not a building code.  Ã‚  It is a method of evaluating existing buildings to determine if they meet seismic performance objectives such as Life Safety or Immediate Occupancy.   NRCC guideline follows the similar principles as the hybrid one; however, the calibration for building typology for NRC guidelines considers the Canadian construction practice. Fundamentally, the score ( seismic priority index) in NRCC is related to the seismic risk for a particular building, given the occurrence of an earthquake equivalent to that specified in the National Building Code of Canada (NRCC 1993). It is to be used as an initial assessment for deciding which building should have more detailed evaluation in order of priority. Moreover, the effect of torsional irregularities has not been taken in to account. In FEMA 154, the score was affected by the lack of sufficiently detailed analysis; rather it e ncompasses a rapid visual screening method (FEMA 2002). The use of seismicity regions, rather than site-specific seismic hazard data, for the Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) procedure substantially reduces the accuracy of results because the calculations use levels of ground motion which differ from the levels of ground motion at all sites except those where ground motions are at the median value for a seismicity region. Thus, RVS final scores are systematically shifted and overestimate the level of risk for locations with below-median ground motions and underestimate risk for locations with above median ground motions. In case of weighting scenario II, more weighting is given to general description of vulnerability to highlight the methods suited for in-field measurements. For weighting scenario II, again the same results happened, i.e. Hybrid one out ranked all other approaches. For weighting scenario III, more weighting values have been given to the physical vulnerable parameters. And in case of scenario IV, weighting has been given to the variance in output. For this purpose, a case study of 93 buildings of old Dhaka city of Bangladesh has been conducted. In this case study, different types of buildings have been assessed with various methodologies. Here, Hybrid and NRCC Guidelines ranked the 1st where as FEMA 154 (FEMA 2002, ATC 1998) and NZ Code ranked 2nd and 3rd. The variation and the results of the assessment have been depicted in Figure 5 through Figure 8. In weighting scenario V, more conscious was given to Canadian present construction practices (Cook 1999, Onur et al. 2004). Here, the Hybrid as well as the NRCC method outranked the other methods. 7. Scoring Summary with Different Multi Criteria Decision Making Tools The proposed scoring system is a wide-ranging tool to compare different vulnerability assessment methods in the context of ease of use and applicability. It cannot catch all the parameters, but qualitatively gives a better indication of the suitable seismic vulnerability assessment method for buildings. First of all, it can be remarked that, the positions of the methods in the ranking change markedly between the different weighting scenarios. Of the considered seismic vulnerability assessment methods, it is seen that the Hybrid method composed of FEMA 310 (FEMA 1998, 2003, ASCE 1998) and IITK-GSDMA outperforms other vulnerability assessment in all respects. However, NRCC (NRCC 1993) method also performs adequately, where the guideline was developed specifically with Canadian buildings in mind, though certain features are lacking within the description of detailed analysis. Nonetheless, for all the weighting scenarios, the proposed hybrid method performs well and should be considered as the preferred alternative. Moreover, the presence of FEMA 154, Euro Code 8(Milutinovic and Trendafiloski 2003, CEN 2004) and New Zealand Guidelines (NZSEE 2000, 2003) in the ranking system are notable. However, it is clear that the methods do not capture a sufficient quantity of characteristics that are required of such a guideline for the particular weighting scenarios. In this study different multi criteria decision making tools (e.g. AHP. Elctre I Is, and TOPSIS) have been utilized to find out the suitable most alternative. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a decision-aiding method developed by Saaty (Saaty 1980). The main goal of AHP is to quantify the relative priorities for a given set of alternatives on a ratio scale, based on the judgment of the decision-maker, and stresses the significance of the perceptive judgments of a decision- maker as well as the consistency of the comparison of alternatives in the decision-making process (Saaty 1990). Whereas ELECTRE I (Benayoun et al, 1966; Roy 1971) is an overall method of ranking alternative systems in the presence of qualitative criteria. The idea in this algorithm is to choose those nodes (i.e. alternative systems) which are preferred for most of the criteria and yet do not cause an unacceptable level of discontent for any one criterion. Moreover in case of TOPSIS (Technique for Order pre ference by Similarity to Ideal Situation) method, the selected alternative should be as close to the ideal solution as possible and as far from the negative-ideal solution as possible. The ideal solution is formed as a combination of the best performance values revealed in the decision matrix by any option for each attribute. The negative-ideal solution is the combination of the worst performance values. Propinquity to each of these performance poles is measured in the Euclidean sense (e.g., square root of the sum of the squared distances along each axis in the attribute space), with elective weighting of each attribute (Olson 2004). By utilizing Electre I Is (Hwang and Yoon 1981) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (Yang and Lee 1997); it was found that the proposed hybrid method outranks all the methods in all cases (Figure 10 and Figure 11). Finally TOPSIS method (Chu 2002) has validated the same decision about the proposed hybrid method to be the preferred one. In the context of decision making and field measurement, hybrid method consisting of FEMA 310 (FEMA 1998, 2003, ASCE 1998) and IITK-GSDMA is recommended. Whereas, if the rapid assessment of buildings is the major concern, vulnerability assessment through FEMA 154 (FEMA 2002, ATC 1998) and NRCC (NRCC 1993) guidelines should also be considered as the preferred options. 8. Conclusion This study has identified significant characteristics that should be included for an appropriate seismic vulnerability assessment method of buildings. A scoring system has been proposed for the qualitative review of various vulnerability assessment techniques and a particular attention was given to potential use in Canada. It is found that a vulnerability assessment technique termed as hybrid method i.e. combination of FEMA 310 (FEMA 1998, 2003, ASCE 1998) IITK GSDMA (Durgesh 2005) captures characteristics to a wider degree that a suitable vulnerability assessment method should posses. However, the proposed hybrid method is calibrated with the data from US and Bangladesh, which can be applied to other regions with slight modifications. In seismic risk assessment, the building vulnerability assessment depends on data from many sources, amongst which, the past earthquake damage survey data are of major concern. Existence of various vulnerability assessment approaches, raises concern over worldwide to have a simplistic effective vulnerability assessment tool, to be useful world-wide. The authors believe that the proposed hybrid method provides a robust basis for vulnerability interpretation and recommended future studies of vulnerability assessment method to combine more consistent and wider descriptions of the parameters for use in seismic risk assessment. Reference: Alam M.J., M. Abdur Rahman Bhuiyan, and M.Roqibul Islam(2006) Seismic Structural Assessment of Damaged Chittagong Public Library Building During 27 July 2003 Earthquake 4th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering Taipei, Taiwan Alam M. N., K. Mashfiq, A. Rahman, and S. M. Haque , (2010)Seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings in heritage and non-heritage areas in the older part of Dhaka city, 3rd International Earthquake Symposium, Bangladesh Dhaka, March 5-6, 2010, ISBN: 978-984-8725-01-6 ATC (1987), Evaluating the seismic resistance of existing buildings, ATC 14. Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, California. ASCE (2003), Sismic evaluation of buildings, ASCE/SEI 31-03. Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia. ASCE (1988a). Rapid visual screening of buildings for potential seismic hazards: a handbook, published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA-154, Washington, D.C. ATC 21 (2004), Rapid visual screening of buildings for potential seismic hazards training manual, ATC-21-T, FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY Washington, DC ASCE (1998), Handbook for the seismic evaluation of buildings a pre-standard, American Society of Civil Engineers for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA 310 Report, Washington D.C. ASCE (2003), Seismic evaluation of buildings, ASCE/SEI 31-03, Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia. ATC-21 (1998), Rapid visual screening of buildings for potential seismic hazards: a handbook, Applied Technology Council, Redwood city, CA, USA. AUDMP (2007), www.adpc.net/audmp/audmp.html Benayoun, R., Roy, B. Sussmann, B. (1966) ELECTRE: une mà ©thode pour quiderle choix en presence de points de vue multiples. Sema (Metra International), Dir. Sci., Note de Travail No. 49, Paris, France. Bertogg M, Hitz L, Schmid E (2002), Vulnerability functions derived from loss data for insurance risk modelling: findings from recent earthquakes. In: Proceedings of the twelfth European conference on earthquake engineering (paper 281), London, September 2002 BIS (2002), IS 1893 (Part I)- Indian standard criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures part I general provisions and buildings, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. Bommer J, Spence R, Erdik M, Tabuchi S, Aydinoglu N, Booth E, Del Re D, Peterken O, (2002), Development of an earthquake loss model for Turkish catastrophe insurance, J Seismol 6:431- 36 Building Seismic Safety Council National Institute of Building Sciences (BSSC) (2003) NEHRP recommended provisions and commentary for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures, 2003 Edition (FEMA 450). Washington New Zealand Government (2004), Building Act, Wellington, New Zealand Calvi, G. M., Pinho, R., Magenes, G., Bommer, J. J., Restrepo-Velez, L., Crowley, H. (2006). Development of seismic vulnerability assessment methodologies over the past 30 years. ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 43(3), 75-104. Carvalho E, Coelho E, Campos-Costa A, Sousa M, Candeias P (2002), Vulnerability evaluation of residential buildings in Portugal. In: Proceedings of the twelfth European conference on earthquake engineering (paper 696), London, September 2002 Codermatz, R., Nicolich, R., Slejko, D. (2003). Seismic risk assessments and GIS technology: Applications to infrastructures in the friuli-venezia giulia region (NE italy). Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 32(11), 1677-1690. CDMP (2009), http://www.cdmp.org.bd/ C.L. Hwang, K. Yoon (1981), Multiple attribute decision making, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Comità © Europà ©en de Normalization, CEN (2004), Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance- Part 1. General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings (EN 1998-1). Brussels Cook S. (1999), Evaluation of non-structural earthquake damage to buildings in southwestern British Columbia. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1999. D. DAyala and A. W. Charleson,(2002), Review of seismic strengthening guidelines for R. C. buildings in developing countries, 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering Paper Reference 820 Department of General Services (2002), Seismic safety inventory of California public schools, a Report to the Governor of California and the California State Legislature D. L. Olson (2004), Comparison of weights in TOPSIS models, Mathematical and Computer Modeling, 40, (7) 21-727, 2004. FEMA (1985) An action plan for reducing earthquake hazards for existing buildings, FEMA 90. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C. FEMA( 1992), NEHRP handbook for the seismic evaluation of existing buildings, FEMA-178. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C. FEMA 310 (1998), Handbook for the seismic evaluation

A report on dry bulk shipping

A report on dry bulk shipping Shipping is indubitably one of the fascinating industries in the world. It requires vast knowledge and skill to cop up with the day to day operations because of the complexity of the industry and its dependence on world economics. Dry Bulk ships carry dry cargoes in bulk from one port to another and can be categorised into handysize,  handymax,  panamax,  capesize, and very large bulk and ore carriers according to their sizes. The performance of the bulk shipping market depends on the demand for and supply of bulk shipping services, as well as the characteristics of the market structure. The importance of shipping cycle in case of dry bulk carrier is that they plays a vital part in the economics of shipping industry by managing the investment risk in an industry ,where there is large uncertainty about the future (Stopford,2009) Section 1 Literature Review One of the major aspects affecting the future of dry bulk shipping is the quality and the safety perspective. Nominal freight differentiation between quality and other tonnage has been observed occasionally and much services has been paid to promoting the need for younger and safer ships (Tamvakis  and Thanopoulou,2000) Another factor that can influence maritime flows of dry bulk commodity is seasonality patterns .Spot rates for bigger vessels shows higher seasonal variations compared to smaller vessels, although differences in seasonal fluctuations between sectors are removed as the contract duration increases.   (Kavussanos and Alizadeh,2001) Investing in shipping industry has an entirely new aspect by the introduction of private equity and the development of a hedging strategy, now this can be treated as a portfolio optimization problem. The freight futures provide a comparatively novel medium for hedging risk in  dry bulk  shipping markets. New uprising financial strategies in dry bulk shipping in future can revolutionize the entire market.( Cullinane,1995) Duration analysis done by Bijwaard G.E and Knapp.S provides an insight to the effectiveness of prolonging ship lives and the empirical data solidifies the idea about the life span of dry bulk carrier. Life span is an important aspect in predicting the ship cycle(Bijwaard and Knapp,2009)Scrapping of ship is done at a particular time and this is done when the ship is retired from the current use or when shipping cycle demands it. Gain and losses after the scrapping of a ship . entirely depends on the market condition. Demand of Dry bulk shipping is always related to the scrapping industry.(Knapp,2008) The Government is proposing that the UKs CO2 emissions should fall by at least 80% by 2050 . Release of exhaust gases and particles from oceangoing  ships is an important and growing provider to the total emissions from the transportation sector. New strategies like slow steam, alternate fuel and new logistic approach like jumbo ore carriers etc will be used in future to make the shipping sector more eco friendly(Eyring et al,2010) Research Hypothesis Marine flow of dry bulk goods in 2050 will be largely influenced on numerous factors and the background study done above concretes this statement. From the background study done above following hypothesis are made. The changing investment strategy like private equity and development of hedging strategy in worlds dry bulk shipping can promote the ship owners to invest in new ships and it can also attract new ship owners to the industry .If the scrapping doesnt goes in proportion with the production ,it could affect the supply and demand of dry bulk goods and there would be frequent interference of shipping cycle The design, tonnage and operation of dry bulks ships in 2050 can vary a lot from the present. Carriers like jumbo ore carriers and trend to containerisation can be the future of dry bulk shipping .Seasonality and size issues at present might be totally vanished in the future. Developed countries like United Kingdom are concentrating more on environmental issues caused by shipping industries and UKs target to reduce CO2 emission by 80% in 2050 can have great influence in marine transportation of dry bulk commodities. This is mainly because in future government may bring controls to ships having co2 emission more than 80% which can result in restricting ships entering into UK ports. Now this can lead to change in the flow of dry bulk goods in and out of UK. Both the demand for shipping services and shipping rates in 2050 will be positively related to the shipping cycle. Section 2 Data Analysis Origin of the data used in this research was mainly collected from Thomson Reuters Datastream, OECD.stat, Shipping Intelligence Network by Clarksons Research and United Nations Statistics Division.The other data source used in this research is Lloyds Shipping Economist The Shipping Intelligence Network according to Clarksons Research is one of the top on line commercial shipping database and almost all related data required for this research like Baltic Freight Index and the fleet size were collected from this source. Data required for shipping cycle are collected from Thomson Reuters DataStream which is according to their webpage the largest financial database in the world. Some data were also collected from OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and United Nations Statistics Division The data for the supply and demand are accessible from a centralised table called Supply and Demand Data in Lloyds economist. The data required for supply and demand of dry bulk carrier were collected from those tables for the current analysis of the bulk carrier market The time series that were taken from Lloyds shipping are stated below Total demand and supply of bulk carrier fleet in million DWT Total size of bulk carrier fleet adapting slow steaming strategy Total number of bulk carriers order book in million DWT The number of bulk carriers order book should be taken serious as there is an interval of two years from the order to the delivery. The data for supply and surplus of the fleet following slow steam strategy is either laid up or in-active are calculated in tons of dead weight To analyse the dry bulk shipping cycle it is useful to study how the key variables in this market have developed over time. It is very difficult to find the accurate measures of cycles ,representing the demand for shipping service and hence it not easy to find a relationship between dry bulk shipping and shipping cycle in general .To measure the freight rates in dry bulk shipping BFI(Baltic Freight Index) can be used (Glen and Rogers1997) Even though the BFI (Baltic Freight Index) ceased to exist when Baltic Exchange Dry Index was introduced, till today it has been calculated and reported by Clarksons Research Shelley (2003), As demonstrated in the Figure some striking changes are recorded in the freight rates of dry bulk shipping in recent years. The BFI reached at its maximum level in October 2007, followed by a dramatic fall in 2008.Figure(b) shows that the volatility of the freight rates have increased significantly after 2002-03 If a Comparison is done between figure 1 and figure 2 some similarities can be observed like increased freight rates in 2003-04 are matched by increasing total bulker sales and similarly the vice versa in the year 2005 and 2008 and hence a co-relation between freight rate and bulker sales can analysed from the above figures. Figures also expose a trend in increased volatility in total bulker sales during the period 2003-2008.c(Clarkson,2010) The augmented volatility in current years point towards that the fleet is almost equal to the current capacity limit. During the high capacity period, demand shocks have a great impact on freight rates. This can be a logical explanation of the hugely increased freight rates in the recent periods of boom in the world economy GDP for OECD, USA, Japan and China can be used to determine shipping cycles. The GDP of OECD is used as a alternative variable for world production, while the GDP of the US, Japan, and China represents the economic activity and demand for shipping services in three very important countries in world trade.(OECD,2010) The figures are based on data from the Shipping Intelligence Network by Clarksons Research and Thomson Reuters DataStream -2 All quarterly variables, the GDP of OECD, USA, Japan, and China from OECD stat helped us in finding that, these variables are non-stationary, as is the relevant time series for the Baltic Freight Index. The BFI from Clarkson led to the conclusion that all the shipping cycle are co related with the BFI.The sources that are used in this research gave us a larger perspective of the research objective and found out that, identifying the shipping cycle is a difficult process because there is much less previous researches done on this topic. Section 3 Demand and Supply Model for Dry Bulk shipping In present day there are number of models which have been developed to forecast and explain freight rate by examining the factors influencing the demand and supply of the respective services..Tinbergen(1934) model is considered to be one of the oldest econometric application.(Beenstock and Vergottis,1993).In new models the basic concept and idea are similar but the models have become more sophisticated by the application of new techniques . In 1980 a model was developed and presented in Strandenes and Wergeland which was named as NORBULK model. This model is considered to be one of the important econometric technique in predicting the freight rate in dry bulk shipping. The NORBULK model is based on the assumption that the demand for transportation of dry bulk commodities is determined by the freight rates, the trade patterns, and variables reflecting the macroeconomic situation A Graphical illustration of NORBULK model is shown above. From the illustration it is clear that demand and supply of dry shipping services are assumed to be influenced by the freight rate and at the same time equilibrium freight rates reflect the demand and supply of the shipping services. The model also explains the fact that macro economic conditions (the product capacity and cycle situation)influence the trade of bulk commodities which can alter the demand for transportation of dry bulk commodity. The speciality of NORBULK model from other models is that the other models are concentrated on major bulk commodities separately. The relation between trade and aggregated macroeconomic condition is one of the distinct features of NORBULK model. Supply part of the NORBULK model accounts for the size of the fleet, the fuel price, and the freight rates. The shape of the supply curve in a specific market reflects the relationship between the freight rate and the supply of shipping services, while, for instance, changes in the size of the fleet cause shifts in the supply curve. A characteristic shape of a supply curve in dry bulk shipping Ton miles is the measurement for supply and demand in sea transport and this is equal to the average haul multiplied by the tonnage of cargo (Strandenes and Wergeland, 1980) Shipping cycles are not cyclical or regular and hence in true world shipping predicting the shipping cycle are a loose sequence of up and downs and hence predictions in ship cycle is always a tough task. According to Cufley it is totally impossible to predict when the market will move upwards or fall. NORBULK is an example of a model based on the assumption that demand is inversely related to the freight rate. The relationship was estimated to be very inelastic, however. Still, Strandenes and Wergeland (1980) argue that it is potentially important to account for the price elasticity in both supply and demand. There are 10 variables in the demand and supply model which affect the demand for shipping and the supply of ships for the carriage of goods. The variable in the demand for ships are: The world economy, seaborne commodity trades, average haul, political event and transport cost. The variables for supply of ships are: World fleet, fleet productivity, ship building productions, scrapping and losses and freight rates.(Stopford,2010).Difficulty of analysing the above variables is daunting. The world economy is complex and sometimes we have to wait for years for the availability of the detailed statistics for accurate evaluation .Many of the variables mentioned above are highly un predictable and hence the forecasting must be considered as a process to clarify the risk rather than creating certainty. Working of NORBULK model is not focused on a particular commodity and it gives a general result which can be applicable to all the dry bulk carriers. New developed models used in dry bulk shi pping concentrates more on a specific commodity and there is always possibility that when modelling a particular commodity bulk carrier new models might be more accurate than NORBULK model. Assumptions made in developing the model sometimes can be far away from the reality and this can always result in wrong forecasting or prediction. Conclusion: It is always interesting to follow the future development of the dry bulk shipping market. In our opinion to understand the basic forces controlling the development of freight rates and shipping volume both econometric and theoretical analysis are very significant . On analysing the economic market we were able to understand the relations that are believed to exist between factors. We were also able to discover that the reason for shipping cycles to exist are the inelasticity of supply in shipping market which disables supply to meet the demand in the short run. Journals Bijwaard,G.E and Knapp,S (2009) Analysis of ship cycles The impact of economic cycles and ship inspections Journal on marine Policy, Vol 33, Issue 2, pp-(350-360) Cullinae,K(1995) A portfolio analysis of market investments in dry bulk shipping Transportation Research Part B: Methodological(June)Vol 29, Issue 3, pp 181-200 Eyeing,V(et, al)(2010) Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping The ATTICA Assessment Report (Dec)Vol 44,Issue 37,pp 4735-4771 Kaussanos,M.G and Alizadeh,A.H(2001) Seasonality patterns in dry bulk shipping spot and time charter freight rates Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review (December) Vol 37, Issue 6, pp 443-467 Knapp.S (et, al) (2008) Econometric analysis of ship demolition market Journal on Marine policy,) Vol 32, Issue 6, pp-( 1023-1036) Tamavakis,N.T and Thanopoulu,H.a(2000) Does quality pay? The case of the  dry bulk market Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, (December) Vol 36, Issue 4,pp 297-307 Books Stopford, M., 2009, Maritime Economics, 3rd edition, London, Routledge pp 64,424-427,512 Section 2 Clarkson (2010) Available from http://www.clarksons.com/services/overview/?serviceId=418 Accessed on 21st November 2010 Glen, D. R and Rogers, P(1997),Does weight matter? A statistical analysis of the SSY capesize index, Maritime policy and management,pp 24, 351-364 Lloyds Shipping Economist magazines London 2005-2010 Available from http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/markets/lloyds-shipping-economist/ Accessed from 18th November 2010 O.E.C.D (2010) Available from http://oberon.sourceoecd.org/vl=6310340/cl=19/nw=1/rpsv/dotstat.htm. Accessed on 1st December 2010 Shelley, T( 2003) Chinas rapid expansion boosts world shipping industry, Financial Times, 25 November, pp 3 Thomson (2010) Avaialble From http://online.thomsonreuters.com/datastream/ Accessed on 5th December 2010 UNStats(2010) Available from http://unstats.un.org Accessed on 7th December 2010 Section 3 Beenstock, M., Vergottis, A., 1993, Econometric Modelling of World Shipping, london, Chapman Hall Stopford, M., 2009, Maritime Economics, 3rd edition, London, Routledge Wergeland, T. (1981). Norbulk: A simulation model of bulk freight rates. Working Paper 12, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen, Norway

OSHA :: essays research papers

The OSH Act gave OSHA the authority to come into work places and inspect facilities for health and safety risks. Due to shortages in personnel, OSHA inspects accidents and safety complaints that are filed, and those facilities that have a high volume of accident rates. If an individual state has an approved safety and health enforcement plan, than they may be exempt from yearly inspections by OSHA and have their own state personnel conduct the inspections. The Act sets a maximum penalty for safety and health violations, but OSHA has the authority to calculate fines. If an industry objects to the citation or fines, they can go before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. OSHA has been criticized on both ends, by industries for being too strict, and by unions for not being strict enough. In the 1980s, OSHA had instituted a policy that would exempt some workplaces from a complete inspection if they had a lower than average injury rate. However, that policy was abandoned when an employee died from a workplace that OSHA had not fully inspected. OSHA has implemented new procedures that have set higher penalties and increased the maximum fine for all types of infractions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OSHA may inspect a workplace at anytime. It can be a programmed inspection that was scheduled in advance, or an unprogrammed inspection that was unplanned which resulted from a workplace may be in violation of standards. Unprogrammed inspections usually have priority over scheduled ones. Programmed inspections are usually conducted at high-hazard workplaces, those that have a history of OSHA citations for serious health violations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Congress did provide for special exemptions from programmed OSHA inspections. These exemptions apply to small business that felt they were being subjected to many undue inspections. This provision does not completely exempt them from OSHA visiting the workplace to investigate complaints, injuries, or provide assistance. Some workplaces that have a lower than average accident rates can fall under the voluntary protection program. They are still subject to OSHA inspections if complaints are received or if an incident occurs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OSHA usually does not notify a workplace that they will be inspecting.

Role of Bigger Thomas in Native Son by Richard Wright :: essays research papers

Bigger Thomas, the protagonist of Native Son, by Richard Wright, expresses the role of a poor, uneducated black man. Bigger lived in a time where racism was very common in the society. Wright shows us through him, how bad the situation was. Due to his lack of education, Bigger had to work menial labor. Thus, he was forced to live in a one room apartment with his family. He felt trapped all his life, resenting, hating, and fearing the whites, whom he felt controlled his life. He views white people as a collective, overpowering force that tells him where to live, where to work, and what to do. The main focus of Wright?s novel is to show the effects of racism on one?s mind. Bigger has lived a life defined by the fear and anger he feels toward whites for as long as he can remember. Perhaps that is what leads him to do the crimes that he does. Bigger develops the main action of the book when he kills Mary Dalton. In fact, it makes him feel as though his life actually has a meaning. He feels as if he has the power to assert himself against the whites. Wright does not try to show Bigger as a hero, because of his brutality and capacity for violence which is extremely disturbing, especially in the scene where he shoves Mary Dalton?s dead body in to the burning furnace in order to hide it. Wright?s main point is that Bigger becomes a brutal killer just because the dominant white culture fears that he will. By fearing whites, Bigger only contributes to the cycle of racism and fuels it even more. However, after meeting Max, he begins to redeem himself, actually recognizing whites as individuals for the first time in his life. But the social injustice does not end there, after killing Mary Dalton, Bigger goes to Bessie, his girlfriend and tells her everything. Recognizing that Bessie might tell anyone, Bigger kills her too and is than arrested by the police. There, the injustice takes place. When Bigger was arrested, and jailed, he received constant harassment. He only faced two choices, either to confess, or be lynched by the white crowed. Bigger knew deep down, that he was going to die anyhow. But Max, his lawyer, reminded him that he could still win the case and be free. Another example of the injustice is that when Bigger was eventually caught, the pubic and the media press automatically determine that he is guilty of not only killing Mary, but also rapping her before killing her.

Computer College †Fairview Campus Essay

1.0 Proposed Thesis Title: â€Å"Easy Login System for Computers in AMA Fairview using ID Barcode Scanner† 2.0 Area of Investigation: This study focuses on having a good monitoring system for easy login on the computers in the AMA Fairview computer laboratories in terms of students or professors using computers as well as monitoring the time and problems about each specific computer. 3.0 Reason for choosing this Topic: To secure the laboratory equipments, the professors must ensure that students will handle them properly. The proponents chose this study to give ease on monitoring of student’s usage in each individual computer and also monitor the student’s attendance. 4.0 Importance of the Study: The study will help to improve the services of the AMA Fairview in teaching on their computer subjects. It also helps the users to easily log in on the computers. Computer College – Fairview Campus Asia ’s 1st and Largest IT University Lot 9 Blk 129 Regalado Ave., Fairview, Pasong Putik, Quezon City 5.0 Target Users/Beneficiaries: The target users or beneficiaries of this study will be the students and professors using computers with ease of monitoring the computer’s condition to lessen the student’s misusage. 6.0 Similarity with Previous Study/Project: This proposed study is similar to â€Å"Celt Login Authentication System(CLAS) in University of Santo Thomas † by Michael Anthony G. Goco and Edgardo Antonio O. Gayos.

Potential Impact Study of Renewable Energy Resources on Power Transformer

Chapter iodin Introduction to Topic CHAPTER I 1. 1Introduction India is iodine of the developing countries & at the same measure a fastest rising scotch transcription in the world. India a farsighted with the BRIC countries is considered as the support b nonpargonil of the worlds prudence. This haulage is parti each(prenominal)y callable to the depresseder m matchlesstary value of man position and good lumber turnout. India is instantaneously the eleventh givingst economy in the world, fourth part in terms of purchasing military group. It is poise to chip in tremendous economic strides e trulyplace the feeler years, with signifi ba touch on victimization already in the planning stages. For instruction of a rude, substructure plays a critical role.With the manageable action of the Indian economy in 1990, umteen multinational / transnational companies were eager to post in India. India be the second spaciousst universe of the world is the largest foo d grocery for foreign multinationals. For this causation increase of the root word was need of the second for the economy. ENERGY maturement is the key expression of radical development & beg of the developing economy. More allplace, fulfilling the muscularity requirement of ever growing population is herculean task. The al-Qaida deficit in India is immense & India is effect stressed.The deepen magnitude vibrancy and flexibility of the Indian economy is not matched by the role ara. India was severely relied on Conventional goose egg options the identicals of thermal aptitude. The conventional zippo development mainly depends on accessibility of resources wish crude, coal, coke etcetera Even nuclear mogul propagation depends on availableness of uracil & platinum. Conventional nix multiplication excessively results in mettlesomeer atomic number 6 emission & contamination. Destroying the wastes from the conventional free susceptibility coevals i s the major task ahead of the inelegant. re unsandedable nix Resources give the best possible solution for this problem.re novelable postal code resources give the sack be specify as the zilch resources which can be replenished, as & when they ar consumed e. g. solar, undulate, keen hydro advocate, biogas etc. Knowing the potency of this form of heftiness resources, Indian governing established a sepa prescribe ministry for re briskable force resources in 2006. Perhaps, India is the only acres having separate ministry for renewable elan vital. Since then renewable vigour grocery store is an upcoming market in Indian world reason arena. With ruin in the renewable brawn market, at that place is withal a rise in demand for related manufacturing equipment industries.Transformer is peerless of much(prenominal) equipments required in world-beater systems for infection of bureau. Our aim in this pouch is to make a foodstuff dominance impaction Study for tra nsformer for renewable animation markets. 1. 2Re attempt methodology The introductory and a very principal(prenominal) ab intake in market explore is formulating a seek problem. It is the close(prenominal) burning(prenominal) stage as if the problem is incorrectly defined the subsequent stages forget be of no good for the purpose for which the inquiry is being conducted, at the same meter the problem must not be defined too broadly or too narrowly.In this witness we be identifying the gap in the systems portfolio of Transformer vocation in India. We begin identified that organization has no presence in the low emf drop, diffusion straighten out transformer markets in India. Looking at the harvest-festival rate of Renewable talent markets and governments porta towards the renewable energy, our main heading is to ascertain its impact on transformer checkway pull clog up. Identifying sources of entropy There ar two theatrical role of info resources ut ilize for the investigate ancient and secondary in establishment sources. Primary search info Primary interrogation involves acquiring original entropy now almost the product and market. Primary explore data is data that did not exist in the first place it is nameed to answer limited questions of pursual to the moving in. One to atomic number 53 interaction motif coevals of the project is drawn from the wizard to one interaction with the experienced colleagues and certain associates. Casual Interviews Casual interviews argon the unorganized interviews. Casual interactions with the seniors, discussions with the vendors be one of the sources of uncreated feather data. BrainstormingBrainstorming is the casual interaction with experts. Experts be allowed to discuss freely on a event subject. Their newly generated ideas be registered. There may not be any sentence duration for such(prenominal) sessions. Observations Existing customer enquiries & th eir feedbacks many an(prenominal) generation customer enquiries can give us the data we required. The feedbacks from the alert customers are as easy helpful for idea generation. Secondary research data Secondary data is the pre- live data, already ready(prenominal) through and through and through books, previous(prenominal) researches, organizations, government documents, journals, news papers etc. Trade magazines, Journals There are mingled trade magazines in military unit sector available. IEEMA (Indian galvanizing & Electronics Manufacturers Association), military group television channel magazines, ITMA (Indian Transformers Manufacturing Association) are borderingly of the related associations. These associations are similarly running(a) on the Renewable nothing Resources. intelligencepapers News papers are always heavy(p) the updates more or less the new trends, ideas, research personnel department casualty on near the world near. bread income arti cles, web turn ups Internet is the huge pool of data available for secondary research.Various search engines uniform Google, Yahoo etc. are helpful for finding the relevant data. Web come outs of variant hugger-mugger & government PSUs are the sources of data. Websites of PGCIL, IEEMA, ITMA, writhe spot Associations, vacate wonk solution manufacturers, statistical agencies are of immense help. Books Books are always the sources of the practiced data. Statistics agencies The statistical agencies homogeneous India Securities ltd. , which are doing their throw research in various industries, are the sources of secondary data. disposal resourcesGovernment organizations comparable PGCIL, SEBs, Ministry of New & Renewable vigour Resources are the sources of data. Manufacturing associations Indian Transformer Manufacturing Association (ITMA), aerogenerator manufacturing associations are some of the manufacturing associations, which are utilise as the sources of secondar y data. Gathering the existing data & checking its authenticity is an eventful measuring in the research design. After the exercise of data gathering information, the data was tabulated and analyse through interprets & bar charts as discussed in chapter 4 of this report. . 3Objectives To guide the stream stance of renewable energy market in spite of appearance India. Our subject celestial sphere go out mainly do up on flap cogency & diminishedd Hydro Projects (SHP). To ascertain the market potential for renewable energy up to 2030 & study the strategical locations of renewable energy generation within India. Find out the trends in situation sector. To study the specifications & the categories of the transformers required for renewable energy transmission. Establish the relationship mingled with the volumes of transformer crease repayable to renewable energy market. To study the present organization set-up, this can be utilized for renewable energy transfor mers. 1. 4Limitations of the study There are following limitations for the research The primary research was limited due to good spread of consumers. 80% of the transformer ancestry is from the Public utilities, fix voltaicity boards. around of the sites are in remote places. indeed data collection is time consuming. It is very difficult to get the responses from such wide spread customers in limited time.For this research we mainly concentrated on customer feedbacks & experiences of previous telephonic conversations. The secondary research is mainly concentrated on the data available through government resources. This is due to the fact that majority of the decision reservation & betokening is done at the central government level. As there is make up in Private participation in recent years, there is limited join of data available for it. 1. 5Conclusion India is developing with the quick pace it implies heavy enthronizations in infrastructure. slide fastener genera tion is the key aspect for the infrastructure egression of the dry land. With the governments initiative towards tonic energy development, Renewable energy sector is booming. Due to Renewable energy development, there is in addition ontogeny in the private participations in queen rigs implementations. This scenario is contri provideding(prenominal) for the demand of the transformers required for small former projects (private as healthy as commonplace). In this project we ordain be concentrating on impact potential study of Renewable energy on index number transformers.This provide be helpful for the organization for initiating the low military group, low voltage, distribution transformers line of line of reasoning in India. We testament ascertain its feasibility in the subsequent chapters starting with the organizations profile. Chapter Two connection Overview CHAPTER II SIEMENS Ltd. 2. 1HISTORY siemens was founded in Berlin by Werner von reciprocal ohm in 1 847. As an some inventor, engineer and entrepreneur, Werner von southward do the worlds first pointer telegraph and voltaic dynamo, inventions that helped put the spin in the industrial revolution.He was the man behind one of the most fascinating success stories of all time by turning a humble little workshop into one of the worlds largest enterprises. As Werner had envisioned, the keep society he started grew from loudness to strength in every field of galvanizing engineering. From constructing the worlds first electric railway to displace the first telegraph line linking Britain and India, sulfur was responsible for building much of the ripe worlds infrastructure. sulphur is straight off a applied science giant in more than xcl countries, employing some 440,000 people worldwide.Our work in the field of energy, industriousness, conferences, information, charmation, health care, components and twinkleing has become requisite parts of everyday life. man Werner wa s a tireless inventor during his days, south today remains a relentless innovator. With innovations averaging 18 a day, it seems corresponding the revolution Werner started is console going strong. 2. 2Corporate Overview southward Ltd. in India The sulfur Group in India is a alone(predicate) player in the field of galvanic and electronics engineering.We hurt the capability to integrate various products, systems and work into turnkey solutions across the life- bout of a project. Innovation is our strength. But its not the only one. Our customers also spot that they can rely on us to execute timbre projects, while fork overing value. In all areas of our operation, we give up the complete track scratch off of whirls. In the dynamism sector, our expertise governs from power plants toturbines. Industry sector, we build airports, as easily as produce contactors. In Transportation, we deliver complete highschool-speed trains, right down to safety relays. In Lightin g, we illuminate large stadiums and also manufacture small light bulbs. In health care, we execute complete solutions for hospitals, as also provide in- the canal comprehend aids. And, the thread that connects all our businesses is education engineering. reciprocal ohm Ltd is the flagship listed company in India. Siemens in India, which comprises 20 legal entities, is a leading(a) provider of industry and infrastructure solutions with a business volume aggregating about Rs 11,800 crore, as on September 2008. It operates in the centerfield business areas of Industry, get-up-and-go and Healthcare.It has nation-wide Sales and helping network, 20 manufacturing plants, a network of around d channel partners and employs about 17,200 people. 2. 3BUSINESSES organisational Chart ability contagion & dispersal utmost Voltage dynamism mechanization Medium Voltage Transformers Services At Siemens, end-to-end products, systems and solutions for industrial and building mechanizati on as well as infrastructure innovations are provided. These turnkey solutions cover project counsel, engineering and software product, installation, commissioning, after-sales service, plant caution and training. . 4SECTORS slide fastener Sector Siemens consolidates its advanced offerings in the Energy sector by compounding its ample regulate expertise in the areas of provide genesis (PG) and great power Transmission & Distribution (PTD). Utilizing the most advanced plant diagnostics and systems technologies, Siemens provides comprehensive function for complete power plants and for rotating machines such as gas and move turbines, generators and compressors. Power propagation effectual, authentic, climate-friendly power generation is vital for economic development.With innovative technologies and products, Siemens is pushing the limits of power plant efficiency and helping observe a viable balance among climate protection, contribute protective covering and ap peal-efficiency in power generation. From simple cycle power plants to bind cycle power plants, steam power plants up to integrated gasification combined cycle plants, Siemens ensures the highest levels of efficiency shortly possible throughout the entire power generation process. The wide range of offerings accept solutions for the automation of power control grids and products such as medium voltage switchgear and components. Compressors gun for hire Turbines germs locomote Turbines Combine cycle power plants quotation cycle power plants Steam power plants Fuel cells Instrumentation & controls Renewable power plants Power Transmission & Distribution (PTD) Efficient high-potential direct-current (HVDC) power transmission lines are indispensable for transporting large amounts of galvanising energy over long distances with minimum loss and consequently for transmitting power from renewable energy sources in remote locations to distant consumer centres.This is wher e the Power Transmission Division (PTD) of Siemens plays an important role as pioneering technology providers, offering great reliability and efficiency also contributing to develop sustainable power supplies. PTD offerings span the entire field of high voltage power transmission, including HVDC transmission systems and products and systems for high-tension switchgear and transformers. Power Transmission & Distribution Systems Arrestors Energy management Power network communications Power transmission system breastplate & substation controls Switchgears TRANSFORMERS Healthcare Sector By combination the most advanced laboratory diagnostics, vision systems and healthcare information technology, Siemens Healthcare naval division enables clinicians to diagnose disease former and more accurately, making a determining(prenominal) contribution to improving the quality of healthcare The Siemens Healthcare Division is one of the largest suppliers of healthcare technology in the world. It offers solutions for the entire supply range of mountains chthonian one roof from prevention and early maculation through diagnosis and on to discourse and aftercare.In addition, Siemens Healthcare is the market leader for innovative hearing devices. lab Diagnostics The Diagnostics Division of Siemens is engaged with the business of generating clinical diagnostic test results development tissue and limpid summary a process cognise as in-vitro diagnostics, besides immune diagnostics and molecular analysis. The Divisions solutions range from point-of-care applications to the automation of large laboratories, producing high quality outcomes that save time, money and lives. Diagnostic imaginativeness and Therapy Laboratory Diagnostics Hearing Instruments Market Specific Solutions IT Solutions and Services Financial Solutions Information & chat We provide software solutions across the IT service chain, from consulting and system integration to IT infrast ructure management in the areas of telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, open sector, utilities & government. Communication Services Fixed and mobile services Information Technology Telephone & communication Wireless modules OSRAM India Pvt. Ltd. (Lighting) OSRAM India Pvt. Ltd. (Lighting)Artificial lighting accounts for a gistful portion of todays carbonic acid gas emissions. The implement of energy-efficient lamps, LEDs and intelligent light management systems would not just help in bringing down the emission levels but also save significant amounts of energy and money. Siemens provides economical, long-life lighting for every application, including incandescent and fluorescent ones for domestic and industrial lighting.Offerings includeGeneral Lighting egotism-propelled Lighting Electronics and Controls Display/Optics Opto Semiconductors LED Systems Luminaires Mobility (Mob) A pioneer of the railway augury systems in India, Siemens offers products and so lutions in railway signaling and safety systems, traffic control and automation, electrification, grip equipment for locomotives and multiple unit system and stack transit vehicles. The product palette also includes rolling stock and auxiliary inverters for air-condition passenger coaches.Fully equipped and indorse by trained staff, turnkey projects are undertaken for urban transportation, mass rapid transport projects, adhesive friction substations overhead centenary and long distance transmission lines. Portfolio includes Railway automation Rail electrification Turnkey systems Metros Trains and locomotives Light rail vehicles Multiple units Service, maintenance and support for construction Technologies (BT) Siemens Building Technologies specializes in clash the growing demand for increased personal safety and more secure public and private infrastructures by electronic security and building automation systems.A market leader in providing solutions for Intelligent Bu ildings, the division offers a range of products and services for security, hold dear and efficiency in high-end buildings, and covers the entire chain of offerings from engineering to services. Innovative solutions for Intelligent Buildings Cross-Sector Business Siemens Information Systems Ltd. Siemens provides software solutions across the IT service chain, from consulting and system integration to IT infrastructure management in the areas of telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, public sector, utilities and government Consumer harvest-tides Computers Cordless Phones and syndicate Media Electrical Installation Systems Hearing Instruments Home Appliances Home Security Home Automation & asset Management 2. 5Transformer (Product Details) Bringing the energy safely to the consumer A basic requirement relevant to all power transformers. However, every maven one is unique knowing accord to individual factors such as voltage, power, climate, system topography, s ound level and many more. Siemens is your partner, who picks up these requirements converting them into convincing solutions with maximum quality.Power transformers that render their service reliably at site. Cost-efficient and safe throughout decades. Whether for infrastructure systems, industry or households transformers play a key role for a reliable power supply. As a customer, one quite rightly place the highest demands on reliability, equal-effectiveness and operation time. In more than one hundred countries and for more than 100 years, transformers from Siemens are synonymous with top quality as a result of ideas, knowhow and unequalled experience. Many reasons for reliabilityFirst of all, there is the fulfillment of the quality claim to which Siemens has commit themselves without compromises. Every factory manufacturing Siemens Transformers puts quality management system into practice. And only those transformers that have successfully passed all the comprehensive tes ts will then go into practical application. Siemens offers a complete service from advice and design via manufacture, transport and commissioning up to our Transformer spirit Management. The right transformer for your taskYou need a product that exactly fits your task. Siemens provide the right transformer for every requirement from crusade distribution transformers through to large power transformers with ratings over 1000 MVA. Price teaching World-market expenses for raw materials and energy are interminably increasing, forcing the manufacturers of high-voltage products and transformers to significant price increases. thank to optimized processes and internal court reduction measures, however, the price adjustment for Siemens products is extremely moderate.Product Range Only a company that offers a complete product range can really cover all of your requirements. Siemens has put this fact into practice. For every required power, every voltage, every chill method and every operating mode. Generator step up transformers System interconnecting transformers manakin shifters Shunt reactors Transformers for HVDC GEAFOL cast-resin transformers Oil distribution transformers and voltage regulators Special-purpose transformers Line feeding transformers Traction transformers pic pic Cast-Resin Tansformers Ditribution transformer pic pic Power TransformersReactors picpic HVDC TransformerFurnace Transformers 2. 5SIEMENS Transformer Division in India Siemens has newly set-up a state-of-the-art, power transformers design-and-manufacturing facility in Kalwa, near Mumbai. The factory was started in quaternate December 2007. The facility is capable of manufacturing high-voltage direct-current and other special application transformers.The transformers fabricate by Siemens in India will be identical to those made in Europe, the United postulates and elsewhere as the technology for these comes from Nuremberg, Germany. The full technology transfer, includ ing the know-how for design and performance techniques, has been transferred through documentation as well as the training of Indian personnel in Siemens plants in Germany and elsewhere. The new plant is designed taking into setting all the experiences gathered from other Siemens plants, which have been in operation for the prehistoric several decades.This makes the plant unique as it applies all the best practices established in other plants under one roof. The new plant will have 500 employees when it reaches full production capableness. The manpower and production costs account for approximately 15 percent of the sales price in India compared to about 35 percent in developed countries. The new Transformer factory will be able to address the heightened demand for power transmission equipment in the country by designing and manufacturing large transformers of power rating upto 600 MVA and 800 KV voltage class.The factory will also produce special application transformers such as for HVDC and traction furnace applications. This factory is the latest addition to the reputable league of 17 Transformer factories of Siemens fixed world-over. One of the unique features of the factory is that the transformers are manufactured in a dust-free and humidness controlled environment to ensure top class dry get upings coming out of a vapour phase oven and tested under tough conditions in fully screen test-lab. 2. 6SIEMENS IN FUTUREIdentifying technologies with major egression potential, recognizing technologicalbreakthroughs, anticipating future customer needs and new business opportunities -Siemens experts are doing all of these things in a systematic process designed to make the company a trendsetter in as many business fields as possible. In an increasingly mazy business environment marked by ever-shorter product cycles, the major challenge lining companies is how to organize R&D activities in as emphasised and success-oriented a flair as possible while s imultaneously making optimum use of available funds. Rigorous focus on harvesting markets of the futureSiemens Ten-Point Program was launched at the end of the 1990s to intensify the companys focus on industrious portfolio management. To this day, Siemens continues to pursue the strategy defined in the course of instruction and achieve its growth targets through organic growth ply by the companys innovative strengths, as well as through acquisitions, divestments and the formation of startups and knock ventures. In 2005, Siemens launched the Fit4More program to further tailor the strategic development of the companys portfolio to the growth markets of the future, thus laying the groundwork for sustainable profitable growth.In addition to formation four pillars Performance and Portfolio, Operational Excellence, commonwealth Excellence and Corporate Responsibility the program identified urbanization and demographic change as key megatrends that would jab its business in the f uture. The companys business portfolio has changed considerably in the past a few(prenominal) years. For example, Siemens withdrew completely from the components business (now Infineon and Epcos). lifesize parts of its telecommunications technology business were funneled into the joint venture Nokia Siemens Networks in 2006.At the same time, Siemens strengthened its activities in the energy, industry and healthcare fields though extensive acquisitions. In 2006 alone, the company invested more than 6 billion to acquire companies and holdings. The current Fit4 2010 program embodies a rigorous extension of this strategy, including further portfolio optimization with a focus on the fields of energy and environment, industry and healthcare. Siemens expects to win new orders of around INR 1 trillion in the next three fiscal years 2010 until 2012, which will be generated by government stimulant programs already announced around the world. fountain technologies are judge to account fo r 40 percent or approximately INR four hundred billion of this total, which will significantly increase the share of the companys revenues from its environmental portfolio in the future. Siemens based this forecast on an initial systematic analysis of the largest stimulus programs. Siemens has continued with its enthronement plans and foc employ on modify the local anaesthetic manufacturing base. In the croak two years, Siemens has added three new factories in Indian energy sector alone. SIEMENS ageless focus is to bring world-class and high technology products to India. Chapter ThreeTheoretical framework CHAPTER III 3. 1Energy Scenario in India Energy is the meridian mover of economic growth and is vital to the sustenance of a modern economy. prox economic growth crucially depends on the long-term availability of energy from sources that are affordable, accessible and environmentally friendly. India ranks sixth in the world in total energy consumption and needs to accelerat e the development of the sector to meet its growth aspirations. The country, though rich in coal and copiously endowed with renewable energy in the form of solar, raise, hydro and bio-energy has very small hydrocarbon militia (0. % of the worlds reserve). India, like many other developing countries, is a net importer of energy, more than 25 percent of primary energy needs being met through imports mainly in the form of jumpy oil and natural gas. The rising oil import bill has been the focus of dangerous concerns due to the pressure it has placed on scarce foreign exchange resources and is also largely responsible for energy supply shortages. pic India has had a negative Energy residual for decades, which has forced the purchase of energy from immaterial the country. Based on available energy resources, energy sector can be assort as followsFew Definitions 1. caloric power generation At a thermal power station in which the electric generators are steam driven. body of water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an galvanic generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated. The steam can be generated using Fossil kindles like combust / ignite Gas diesel motor or Liquid fuel 2. Hydro-Eectric Power Generation It is nothing but using the power of water currents to generate electric power.Generally, hydroelectric power is created by direct water flow through a turbine, where the water causes fans to turn, creating the torque involve to drive an electric generator. pic 3. Nuclear Power The energy released from an atom in nuclear reactions or by radioactive decay esp. the energy released in nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. The radioactive materials like Thorium, uranium are used for energy generation. 4. pervert up power It is the conversion of perfume energy into a useful form of energy, such as electricity, using wind turbines. overturn power produced about 1. % of worldwide electricity usage12 and is growing rapidly, having doubled in the three years between 2005 and 2008. 5. geothermic power (from the Greek roots geo, stringenting earth, and thermos, meaning heat) It is power extracted from heat stored in the earth. This geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface. It has been used for space heating and bathing since ancient roman print times, but is now better know for generating electricity.About 10 GW of geothermal electric strength is installed around the world as of 2007, generating 0. 3% of global electricity demand. 6. solar power It is the result of converting sunlight into electricity. fair weather can be converted directly into electricity using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly with concentrating solar power (CSP), which normally focuses the suns energy to boil water which is then used to provi de power. The largest solar power plants, like the 354 MW SEGS, are concentrating solar thermal plants, but recently multi-megawatt photovoltaic plants have been built. 7. cast power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work like electricity generation 8. Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power side by side(p) chart shows the Indian energy scenario in 2005 & as on idealistic 2008. It also shows the potential of various energy sectors by 2030. picInstalled skill, by fuel (as on August 31 2008) Fuel Installed potentiality (kW) dole out (%) Thermal 92691. 83 63. 42 Coal & ignite 76646. 50 52. 45 Gas 13560. 52 9. 8 Diesel & mobile fuels 2484. 81 1. 70 Hydro 3 6399. 80 24. 91 Renewable 12932. 74 8. 85 rescind 9041. 00 6. 9 dwarfish Hydro 2211. 00 1. 51 Biomss 649. 00 0. 44 Bagasse 973. 00 0. 67 Waste-to-energy 56. 00 0. 4 Solar 2. 74 0. 00 Nuclear 4120. 00 2. 82 Total 146144. 37 100. 00 (SourceCEA, Ministry of New & renewable energy. ) Power line magazine- Sept. 008 Since thermal generation is based on burning coal or oil, increases in CO2 emissions, which damage the environment and run into global warming, accompany this growth. As the graph below shows, it also increases the dependence on imports, which will continue into the future unless the polity changes. pic pic Estimates of possible Capacities from Renewable Energy Sources (in MWs) (Source India Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources) pic Under this project we will be concentrating on the potential of Renewable Energy Resources- twist around Energy & gloomy Hydro projects in India. 3. overturn ENERGY pic 3. 2. 1Wind resource potential The wind power generation in the country is influenced to a great extent by the wind speed and wind power density prevalent at a point potential location at any given point of time. The wind speed is affected to a large extent by the strong south monsoons, starting in May-June, and by the weaker northeast monsoons in the winter months. It has been broadly speaking discover that 60-70% of the total wind power generation in the country takes place during June- October when the south-west monsoons are prevalent throughout the country. consort to a latest study, locations having an yearbook mean wind power density greater than 150 watts/ square meter at 30 meter hub height have been found to be suitable for development of wind power projects. 3. 2. 2Advantages of Wind Power It is one of the most environment friendly, clean and safe energy resources. It has the lowest pregnancy period as compared to conventional energy. Equipment hard-on and commissioning involve only a few months. There i s no fuel consumption, hence low operating costs. alimony costs are low. The capital letter letter cost is comparable with conventional power plants. For a wind farm, the capital cost ranges between 4. 5 crores to 5. 5 crores, depending on the site and the wind electric generator (WEG) selected for installation. Wind Fossil Fuel Availability usable as it exists Have to be procured and made usable through laborious and environmentally damaging processes Limitation on infinite resource Limited in reserves, judge to be completely availability worn out(p) in the coming 60 years Transportation Used where it is available or Has to be transported from its source site for transported where needed further processing, exposing the environment to pollution from accidents environmental Zero emission Used in producing electricity, releasing green effect of use house gasses Geo-political Reduces our reliance on oil, Over-reliance on oil as a resource has implications saf eguarding national security. undermined Indias energy security, e. g. OPEC Allows for self sufficiency. crises of 1973, Gulf war of 1991 and the Iraq There is no adverse effect on War of 2003. global environment. The whole system is pollution free and environment friendly. The pollution economy from a Wind Energy Generation with an average output of 4,000 kWh per year, savings have been estimated as follows Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 2 to 3. 2 tonnes Nitrogen oxide (NO) 1. 2 to 2. 4 tonnes cytosine dioxide (CO2) 300 to 500 tonnes Particulates 150 to 280 kg. 3. 2. 3The demand requirements for a Wind farm An area where a number of wind electric generators are installed is known as a wind farm. The essential requirements for establishment of a wind farm for optimal exploitation of the wind are the following High wind resource at particular site. Adequate land availability desirable terrain and good soil condition anxiety access to site Suitable power grid nearby Techno-economic selection of specific turbines Scientifically prepared layout Resource Potential (MW) Installed energy as on thirty-first March 2007 (MW) Wind 45000 7092 itsy-bitsy hydro 15000 1975 Biomass power / cogeneration 19500 1184 Solar 4-6 kWh/m2/day 2. 74 (20MW/sq. m) Waste-to-Energy 2700 43 The sum of these renewable resource potentials, 152,000 MW, is greater than the current total installed energy generating talent of India. 3. 2. 4Estimated Wind Power Potential in India The wind power potential on a national level, base data collected from 10 states considering only 1% of land availability, is around 46,092 MW. StateGross potential (MW) Andhra Pradesh 9063 Gujarat 7362 Karnataka 7161 Kerala 1026 Madhya Pradesh 4978Maharashtra 4519 Orissa 1520 Rajasthan 6672 Tamil Nadu 4159 West Bengal 32 TOTAL 46,092 3. 2. 5Manufacturers of Wind Energy Generators (WEGs) Name Foreign partner Arul Mariamman Textiles Limited Win World Denmark Asiatic Wind Turbine Pvt. Ltd. NEG- MICON Denmark Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Nordex, Denmark Das lageway Wind Turbines Ltd. Lagerwey, Netherlands Elecon Engineering Company Ltd. Turbowinds n. v. , Belgium Enercon India Ltd. Enercon GmbH, Germany Kirloskar Electric Company Ltd. Wind Energy Group, UK NEPC India Ltd. Poineer Wincon India Ltd. Wincon, Denmark REPL Engineering Ltd. motivator Denmark Suzlon Energy Ltd. Sudwind Energie Systeme, Germany Tackle Wind Energy India (Pvt) Ltd. Tacke Windenergie GmbH, Germany TTG Induatries Ltd. Husumer, Schiffswerft, Germany Vestas RRB Vestas, Denmark Windia Power Ltd. Nedwind, Netherlands 3. 2. 6Economics of wind power development The capital investment generally incurred towards installation of a 1 MW contentedness wind farm is to the tune of Rs. 4. 0 crore. well 85-87% of the capital investment cost is incurred towards the supply, packaging, handling, loading, transportation, unloading, insurance policy cover, erection and commi ssioning of the WEGs. Another 2-3% of the capital cost is incurred towards construction of the foundation of the rule and other associated civil construction units like the metering and control room, foundation for housing the step up transformer etc. Nearly 1-2% of the capital cost is incurred towards purchase of land and site development. The cost of land should be wanted to the rates prescribed by the regulate Level Committee (DLC) of the concerned state. The rest 8-12% of the capital cost is incurred towards purchase of electrical equipment like the step up transformer, controls, OHT line connection to the nearest available grid and other electrical accessories. The operation and maintenance cost per annum (inclusive of the insurance coverage) amounts to approximately Rs. 7. 00 lakh. The expected generation of power from the WEGs on an annual basis come to the tune of 2. 5 million KWh after accounting for non usable hours of the machines due to annual repair and mainte nance, non availability of cut in wind speed or wind velocity being higher than the cut off wind velocity at a particular site. The cost of generation of power is in the vicinity of Rs. 3. 5 / KWh. The power debase back rate varies from state to state. If wheeling is permitted then the power buy back rate can be pretty assumed as the commercial rate prevalent in a state. Wind energy generated is connected to the grid as follows pic At the various stages of transmission, transformers are used for stepping-up or stepping down the voltages. pic 3. 3 elflike Hydro Power 3. 3. Introduction Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environmentally benign source of energy. It is perhaps the oldest renewable energy technique known to the homo for mechanical energy conversion as well as electricity generation. Hydropower represents use of water resources towards inflation free energy due to absence of fuel cost with mature technology characterized by highest prize moving efficiency and spectacular functional flexibility. Out of the total power generation installed capacity of 1,48,265 MW (April,2009) in the country, hydro power contributes about 25% i. e. 36,877 MW. 3. 3. 2 Hydro Power Project Classification Hydro power projects are generally categorized in two segments i. e. small and large hydro. In India, hydro projects up to 25 MW station capacity have been categorized as Small Hydro Power (SHP) projects. duration Ministry of Power, Government of India is responsible for large hydro projects, the jurisprudence for the subject small hydro power (up to 25 MW) is given to Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Small hydro power projects are further classified as Class Station Capacity in kW Micro Hydro Up to 100 Mini Hydro 101 to 2000 Small Hydro 2001 to 25000 3. 3. 3 Small Hydro Power computer programme Small Hydro Power ( SHP) Programme is one of the thrust areas of power generation from renewable in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.It has been accept that small hydropower projects can play a critical role in improving the over all energy scenario of the country and in particular for remote and ungetatable areas. The Ministry is encouraging development of small hydro projects two in the public as well as private sector. Equal attention is being paid to grid-interactive and decentralized projects. begin The Ministrys aim is that the SHP installed capacity should be about 7000 MW by the end of twelfth Plan. The focus of the SHP programme is to lower the cost of equipment, increase its reliability and set up projects in areas which give the maximum expediency in terms of capacity utilisation. Potential An estimated potential of about 15,000 MW of small hydro power projects exists in India.Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has created a database of potential sites of small hydro and 5,415 potential sites with an aggregate capacity of 14,305. 47 MW for projects up to 25 MW capacity have been identified. assure WISE identify SMALL HYDEL SITES AND potential drop UP TO 25 MW CAPACITY (as on 31. 3. 2009) S.No Name of State IDENTIFIED NUMBER OF SITES Total Capacity (in MW) 1 Andhra Pradesh 489 552. 29 2 Arunachal Pradesh 566 1333. 4 3 Assam 60 213. 84 4 Bihar 94 213. 75 5 Chhatisgarh 164 706. 62 6 Goa 9 9. 0 7 Gujarat 292 196. 97 8 Haryana 33 110. 5 9 Himachal Pradesh 547 2268. 41 10 Jammu & Kashmir 246 1411. 2 11 Jharkhand 103 208. 95 12 Karnataka 128 643. 6 13 Kerala 247 708. 10 14 Madhya Pradesh 99 400. 8 15 Maharashtra 253 762. 58 16 Manipur 113 109. 0 17 Meghalaya 102 229. 81 18 Mizoram 75 166. 4 19 Nagaland 99 196. 98 20 Orissa 222 295. 7 21 Punjab 234 390. 02 22 Rajasthan 67 63. 7 23 Sikkim 91 265. 54 24 Ta mil Nadu 176 499. 1 25 Tripura 13 46. 86 26 Uttar Pradesh 220 292. 6 27 Uttaranchal 458 1609. 25 28 West Bengal 203 393. 9 29 A Island 12 7. 91 TOTAL 5,415 14,305. 7 Identification of new potential sites and strengthening of database for already identified sites is an ongoing process. In this direction, the Ministry has been giving financial support to state governments/ agencies for identification of new potential SHP sites & dressing of state perspective plan. 3. 3. 4 Small hydro installed capacity and progress The total installed capacity of small hydro power projects (upto 25 MW) as on 31. 03. 009 is 2429. 77 MW from 674 projects and 188 projects with aggregate capacity of 483. 23 MW are under construction. While in early 90s, most of the SHP projects were set up in the public sector, from last 10 years or so, most of the capacity addition is now coming through private sector projects. low of the 21s t century saw near commercialization in the small hydro sector. Private sector entrepreneurs found attractive business opportunities in small hydro and state governments also felt that the private participation may be necessary in tapping the full potential of rivers and canals for power generation.The private sector has been attracted by these projects due to their small adoptable capacity matching with their captive requirements or even as affordable investment opportunities. In line with Government of India policy, 18 states have announced their policy for inviting private sector to set up SHP projects. The Government of India announced the Electricity Act in 2003, Electricity Policy in 2005 and tax Policy in 2006 to create a conducive atmosphere for investments in the power sector. Small hydropower projects are now governed by these policies and the tariff is decided by the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) as per the obligation Policy. During the 10th Pl an, Following have been year-wise capacity addition from SHP projects. Year Target (in MW) Capacity addition during the year (in MW) Cumulative SHP installed capacity (in MW) 2002-03 80 80. 39 1519. 28 2003-04 80 84. 04 1603. 2 2004-05 100 102. 31 1705. 63 2005-06 130 120. 80 1826. 3